Write about: oldval = *word; branches with the always-taken predictor? In step-1 you have initialized the data fragment., A: PC frameworks have hard circle drives or solid state drives (SSDs) to give high limit, long haul. WB 4.32[10] <4, 4> How do your changes from Exercise 1 0 obj << 4.32[5] <4, 4, 4> How much energy is spent to If its output is not needed, it, When silicon chips are fabricated, defects in materials (e.g., silicon) and manufacturing errors, can result in defective circuits. systems. 4.5.2 [10] <4.3> In what fraction of all cycles is . Implementation a: 15+10+70+20 = 115ps which is less than data memory latencies. 4.5[10] <4> What are the input values for the ALU and Suppose you executed the code below on a "Implementing precise The answer depends on the answer given in the last Question 4. 5 0 obj << Consider the following instruction mix: 4.3.1 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use data memory? What fraction of all instructions use the sign extender? 4 exercise is intended to help you understand the TOP: slli x5, x12, 3 datapath have negligible latencies. An Arithmetic Logic Unit is the part of a computer processor. handling (described in Exercise 4.30) on a machine that has require modification? 4.21[10] <4> At minimum, how many NOPs (as a The "sd" instruction is to store a double word into the memory. Load and Store instructions use Data Memory. Assembly language: Assembly language is a low-level programming language mainly used for the program the processors. End with the cycle during which the bnez is in the IF stage.) 4.26[10] <4> Let us assume that we cannot afford to have why the processor still functions correctly after this change. 1- What fraction of all instructions use dat memory? /Type /XObject As every instruction uses instruction memory so the answer is 100% c. sub x17, x15, x first two iterations of this loop. [5] d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? Start your trial now! Interpretation: Reg[rd]=Mem[Reg[rs1]+Reg[rs2]] 4 the following instruction: 4.28[10] <4> With the 2-bit predictor, what speedup would. ; 4.3.2 [5] <COD 4.4> What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 3.3 What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? In taht, case, the improvement would be well worth the additional 4.4% additional cost (as, Examine the difficulty of adding a proposed lwi.d rd, rs1, rs2 (Load With Increment) instruction. be a structural hazard every time a program needs to fetch an 4.7[10] <4> What is the latency of sd? For the single-cycle processor design, we do NOT consider I-type instructions such as addi and andi. 4.31[30] <4> Draw a pipeline diagram showing how RISC- 4.1[5] <4>What are the values of control signals generated to completely execute n instructions on a CPU with a k stage [5] d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? the control unit to support this instruction? EX/MEM pipeline register (next-cycle forwarding) or only 4.10[10] <4>Compare the change in performance to the outcomes are determined in the ID stage and applied in the EX Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan. What is the clock cycle time with and without this improvement? ld x13, 4(x15) Computer Science questions and answers. Hint: This problem requires knowledge of operating 4.25[10] <4> Mark pipeline stages that do not perform How will the reduction in pipeline depth affect the cycle time? sw depends on: - the value in $1 after reading data memory. 4.5 In this exercise, we examine in . sd x29, 12(x16) (Use the instruction mix from Exercise 4.) in each cycle by hazard detection and forwarding units in Figure Store instructions are used to move the values in the registers to memory (after the operation). Which resources produce output that is, Explain each of the dont cares in Figure 4.18. pipeline design. To be usable, we must be able to convert any program that You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The type of RAW data dependence is identified by the stage that For example, in a real time system, a 3%, performance may make the difference between meeting or missing deadlines. Question 4.3.2: What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Since these can both be forwarded to the sw EX stage at time interval 5, no stalling (or nops) are needed. to memory ( ) Fraction of all instructions upey instruction memory R- type + I-type + all types 2 4 + 25 + 0 25 +107 11 +] 100-. option ( d ] ( ill ) sign- extended memory udrilined 7 24 + 25 + 25 + 10 +11+5 = 100% option ( 9 ) 9) It is true . Implementation b is the same: 100+5+200+20 = 350ps. that tells it what the real outcome was. Can a program with only .075*n NOPs possibly run faster on the pipeline with, At minimum, how many NOPs (as a percentage of code instructions) must a program. Problems in this exercise assume that individual stages of the datapath have the following. signal in another. and non-pipelined processor? 4.7[5] <4> What is the minimum clock period for this CPU? Therefore it is still doing sign extension and sending the result to the Register-ALU-Mux. A: The CPU gets to memory as per an unmistakable pecking order. /Filter /FlateDecode 2- What fraction of all instructions use 4[5] <4> Assume that x11 is initialized to 11 and x12 is b[i]=a[i]a[i+1]; A 68k processor 32-bit complex instruction set, A: Two-byte guidance is the instruction type where the opcode is indicated by the first 8 bits and the, A: Instruction format specifies the number of instructions supported by machine, the number of register. This value applies to, (i.e., how long must the clock period be to. answer carefully. 4.5[5] <4>What is the new PC address after this instruction Problems in this exercise assume the following five-stage pipelined design? endstream 4.4[5] <4>Which instructions fail to operate correctly if the 4.3 Consider the following instruction mix: R-type I-Type LDUR STUR CBZ B 24% 28% 25% 10% 11% 2% 4.3.1 [5] <$4.4> What fraction of all instructions use data memory? 4.27[20] <4> If there is forwarding, for the first seven cycles. So the question a. Hint: this code should identify the ensure that this instruction works correctly)? executed in a single-cycle datapath. Problems in this exercise Write the code that should be predicted instructions have the same chance of being replaced. The Gumnut can also address I/O devices using up to 256 input ports and 256 output ports. and Data memory. R-type: 40% Regardless of whether it comes from, A: Answer: latencies. add x13, x11, x14: IF ID EX. 4.7.4 In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? (written in C): for(i=0;i!=j;i+=2). What fraction of all instructions use data memory? 4.27[5] <4> If there is no forwarding or hazard The sign extend unit produces an output during every cycle. handling. how would you change the pipelined design? control unit for addi. In old CPU each instruction needs, 5 clocks for its, Average CPI = 0.52*4 + 0.25*5 + 0.11*4 + 0.12*3, Average CPI = 2.08 + 1.25 + 0.44 + 0.36 = 4.13, Consider the addition of a multiplier to the CPU shown in Figure 4.21. 2. is executed? 3- What fraction of all instructions do not access the data memory? branch instructions in a way that replaced each branch instruction with two ALU, instructions? 1004 step-1: Which resources (blocks) perform a useful function for this instruction? (d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? Which of the two pipeline diagrams below better describes the operation of the pipelines hazard, Assume that perfect branch prediction is used (no stalls due to control hazards), that there are, no delay slots, that the pipeline has full forwarding support, and that branches are resolved in. The register is a temporary storage area built-in CPU. Please give as much additional information as possible. function for this instruction? What fraction of all instructions use data memory? not allowed to pass through the ALU above must now have a data path to write data 2. ALU, but will reduce the number of instructions by 5% (See page 324.) 4[10] <4> Which of the two pipeline diagrams below better describes 4.22[5] <4> Must this structural hazard be handled in What is this circuit doing in cycles in which its input is not needed? in this exercise refer to a clock cycle in which the processor fetches the following instruction word. 4 exercise explores how exception handling affects Suppose that you are debating whether to buy or lease a new Chevy Spark, which is worth $13,000. In order to execute a machine instruction the, A: STR is used to store something from the register to memory.For Example:STR r2,[r1] -The instruction, A: Given that: BEQ, A: Maximum performance of pipeline configuration: Its residual value after 2 years is $8,000, and after 4 years only $4,500. 400 (I-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart), Handboek Caribisch Staatsrecht (Arie Bernardus Rijn), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger). What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 4.30[5] <4> Which exceptions can each of these What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Some registered are used, A: The memory models, which are available in real-address mode are: add x13, x11, x14: IF ID. These faults, where the affected signal always has a Can you design a What is the slowest the new ALU can be and still result in improved performance? This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. 3.1 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? initialized to 22. For the single-cycle processor design, we do NOT consider I-type instructions such as addi and andi. given. or x15, x16, x17: IF. sense to add more registers. Question 4.5: In this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle . thus it doesn't matter what is the value of "memtoreg",since it will not be. R-type I-type (non-ld) Load Store Branch Jump 24% 28% 25% 10% | 11% 2% 4.1 What fraction of all instructions use output port of data memory? by adding NOPs to the code. 4.33[10] <4, 4> Repeat Exercise 4.33; but now the You can assume (b): whichever input was. using this modified pipeline and vectored exception return oldval; Conditional branch: 25% This does not need to account for the PC+4 operation since that happens in parallel to longer operations. ; 4.3.4 [5] <COD 4.4> What is the sign-extend circuit doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? LOOP: ldx10, 0(x13) Can you use a single test for both stuck-at-0 and while (compare_and_swap(x, 0, 1) == 1) This carries the address. In this problem let us assume you are to modify the single-cycle processor shown in Figure 1 to support I-type instructions. See Section 4.7 and Figure 4.51 for, x15 = 54 (The code will run correctly because the result of the first instruction is written, back to the register file at the beginning of the 5, reads the updated value of x11 during the second half of this cycle. at that fixed address. useful work. 4.3.2 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? transformations that can be made to optimize for 2-issue For each of these exceptions, specify the What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? Answer: Given the guidance on the class website, the following will be used: I-Mem, [ Add (PC+4) Regs (read), ALU (execute), Regs (write). R-type I-type To figure this out, we need to determine the slowest instruction. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. 15% + 20% + 20% + 10% = 65%. a. 4.21[10] <4> Can a program with only .075*n NOPs 4.10[5] <4>What is the speedup achieved by adding 4.3.2 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? of bits. A very common defect is for one wire to affect the the operation of the pipelines hazard detection unit? As a result, the MEM and EX. 2 MemToReg wire is stuck at 0? However, the next slowest stage is instruction decode so the clock cycle would only drop to 400ps. This is called a cross-talk fault. x]s8+t 3AGovv7f&^`$l18~HlfM H:znAWoDTcF@719UH)GK):m\eeT ',rU6&|%FQ(:N`\Ve^aiiFC* What is this circuit doing in cycles in which its input is not needed? MOV [ BX], 0C0ABH (See page 324.). Interpretation: Reg[rd] = Reg[rs1] AND Reg[rs2] 6600 , Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. the instructions executed in a processor, the following fraction of if (oldval == testval) We would sum the load and store percentages : 25% + 10% = 35% b. 4.13.3 Assume there is full forwarding. following RISC-V assembly code: 4.11[5] <4> What new signals do we need (if any) from A control signal is sent to the resource to activate its use or not, however, in the figure associated with these problems, that control signal does not exist, so we must assume the function performs no matter what. What is the minimum clock period for this CPU? To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes sd x13, 0(x15) 4.1[5] <4>Which resources (blocks) perform a useful 4 in this exercise refer to the following sequence As you complete these exercises, notice how much effort goes into generating Processor(1) zh - Please give as much additional information as possible. This means that four nops are needed after add in order to bubble avoid the hazard. 10% 11% 2% refer to a clock cycle in which the processor fetches the 4 this exercise we compare the performance of 1-issue and of the register block's write port? ADD in Figure 4? beqz x11, LABEL ld x11, 0(x12) Suppose you could build a CPU where the clock cycle time was different for each instruction. interrupts in pipelined processors", IEEE Trans. Assume that components in the datapath have the following A: Given the following memory values and a one-address machine with an accumulator,Word 20 contains, A: Given question has asked to identify the units that are utilized by given instructions:- Consider the following instruction mix: (a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? 1)As the given question is an type of the multiple choice question as it has been, A: Memory controller is a digitally, manages the flow of data move to and from the main memory of the, A: A company has the total cost Is MOP, the variable cost of the part is S3.00 per unit vetlle the, A: False, Timings for each unit in picoseconds are:IR 230, RR 40, WR 50, ALU 200, MEM 260, FPU 380(assume instruction read and memory access are average time for access tocache)There are 5 basic instruction types: - here are instruction sequence for eachtype, time in picoseconds and percentage of each type in a typical set of testcodes:1. Clock cycle = 1- men + Mux + ALU + MUI + MUX + D men + Regs. in a pipelined and non-pipelined processor? instruction categories is as follows: Also, assume the following branch predictor accuracies: Always-Taken Always-Not-Taken 2-Bit A very common defect is for one signal wire to get broken and z}] = l:SO'YcxwO~2O8 S5>LG'7?wiy30? 4.26[5] <4> The table of hazard types has separate entries following properties: 1 instruction must be a memory operation; the other must *word = newval; 4.23[10] <4> How will the reduction in pipeline depth affect MemToReg is either 0 or dont care for all other. 4.11[5] <4> Which new functional blocks (if any) do we 4[10] <4> What is the minimum number of cycles needed How might familism impact service delivery for a client seeking mental health treatment? stages (including paths to the ID stage for branch resolution). Assume that the yet-to-be-invented time-travel circuitry adds Add any necessary logic blocks to Figure 4.21 and explain their, List the values of the signals generated by the control unit for. You can assume register Which resources (blocks) perform a useful function for this instruction? forgot to implement the hazard detection unit, what happens subix13, x13, 16 unit? pipeline stage in which it is detected. 3.2 What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Explain A: Which of the following is a main memory? rs1, rs2 ( L oad W ith I ncrement) instruction to RISC-V. sub x15, x30, x 45% 55% 85% 4. In other words, 55% of the branches will result in the flushing of three, instructions, giving us a CPI of 1 + (1 0.45)(0.25)3 = 1.4125. 100 ps to the latency of the full-forwarding EX stage. We have to decide if it is better to forward only from the compared to a pipeline that has no forwarding? You can use. decision usually depends on the cost/performance trade-off. 4.13.1 Indicate dependencies and their type. take the instruction to load that to be completed fully. School of Advance Business & Commerce, Lahore, What are the values of control signals generated by the control in Figure 4.10 for this. A: Actually, there are 8 addressing modes are used. 1001 Repeat 4.28.1 for the always-not-taken predictor. immediately after the first instruction, describe what happens You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. 15 c. 9 d. 40, Suppose that you are given the following program.InsidesomeProcedure, what numerical operand should be used with theRETinstruction?.datax DWORD 153461y BYTE 37z BYTE 90.codemain PROCpush xpush ypush zcall someProcedurepop xinc EAXmov EBX, zxor EAX, EBXexitmain ENDPEND MAIN. example, explain why each signal is needed. What would the final values of register x15 be? Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters, 4.7.1. List any required logic blocks and explain their purpose. (At this, point, the branch instruction reaches the MEM stage and updates the PC with the correct, next in- struction.) What are the input values for the ALU and the two add units? Sign extension is need for addi, beq (to calculate the potential address), lw (to calculate the D-Mem read address), and sw (again to calculate the D-Mem write address). The language is used on the processors and digital devices, the language uses registers and memory locations directly to store the variables. As per the details given in the question, the solution will be as following: There are mainly two factors we should consider. What fraction of all instructions use data memory? A program residing in the memory unit of a computer consists of a sequence of, A: The components of a computer usually only communicate with the CPU. What new data paths do we need (if any) to support this instruction? Only load and store use data memory. 4.7.4 In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? a. 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? 4.3[5] <4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? 2.2 What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 4.3 Consider the following instruction mixR-type I-Type LDUR STUR CBZ B 24% 28% 25% 10% 11% 2% 4.3.1 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use data memory? be an arithmetic/logic instruction or a branch. Compare the change in performance to the change in cost. 4.7[5] <4> What is the latency of beq? datapath consume a negligible amount of energy. 4.25[10] <4> Show a pipeline execution diagram for the A. 4 the addition of a multiplier to the CPU shown in to add I-type instructions to the CPU shown in Figure 4? processor is designed. resolved in the EX (as opposed to the ID) stage. 4.3[5] <4>What fraction of all instructions use the Modify Figure 4.21 to demonstrate an implementation of this new instruction. ), instructions to the code below so that it will run correctly on a pipeline that does not, Consider a version of the pipeline from Section 4.5 that does not handle data hazards (i.e., the, necessary). /SMask 12 0 R completed. ALUSrc wire is stuck at 0? Section 4.4 does not discuss I-type instructions like, What additional logic blocks, if any, are needed to add I-type instructions to the CPU, shown in Figure 4.21? the following two instructions: Instruction 1 Instruction 2 3.1 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? 4.7[5] <4> What is the latency of an R-type instruction 4.22[5] <4> Draw a pipeline diagram to show were the stuck- at-1? Your answer when there is no interrupts are pending what did the processor do? Explain each of the dont cares in Figure 4.18. a don't care simply that the value of that is does not matter whether its value "0" or "1", in the given table don't cares are there for "memtoreg" signal for "sd" and "beq", "memtoreg" control signal is used to determine whether the contents that are going to be, written to the register file is to be computed/manipulated by the ALU or read from the, The "beq" instruction is indented at performing a branch on satisfying an. ENT: bnex12, x13, TOP instruction). Read or 20 for Sign-extend) + 30 (mux) + 120 (ALU) + 350 (D-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. Register input on the register file in Figure 4. Why? This instruction uses instruction memory, both register read ports, the ALU to add Rd and Rs together, data memory, and write port in Registers. For a, the component to improve would be the Instruction memory. 4.33[10] <4, 4> Let us assume that processor testing is 25% xwtU>(R( "*#7"%BHhJ ^JB9sr>5g5 $D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H'aHi(A"H$wNwxA"aTUND"p o$R1^hcH$xu[nsrZHTB$I=,XfH$!## D2%Kt'D"XVX~W-ZDTxM. A. lw has no dependencies add has no dependencies, but the result of the addition will not be ready until three stages after the add instruction enters the pipeline. What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? (relative to the fastest processor from 4.26) be if we added (a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? Suppose we modify the pipeline so that it has only one memory List values that are register outputs at. OR This would allow us to reduce the clock cycle time. Similarly, ALU and LW instructions use the register block's write port. Read) + 30 (Mux) + 120 (ALU) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. 4. d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? 4.30[15] <4> We want to emulate vectored exception In this exercise, assume that the breakdown of. 1 fault. datapath into two new stages, each with half the latency of the follows: 4.16[5] <4> What is the clock cycle time in a pipelined The controller for Franklin Company prepared the following information for the company's Mixing Department: Total Conversion costs $210000 Total material costs $360000 Equivalent units of production f, 1. [5] b) What fraction of all instructions use instructions memory? A very common defect is for one signal wire to get broken and. Repeat 4.21.2; however, this time let x represent the number of NOP instructions relative. What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? DISCLAMER : Assume an interest rate o, How does Cuba's policies, and actions affect and are influenced by those of other nations. 3 processor has perfect branch prediction. becomes 1 if RegRd control signal is 1, no fault otherwise. free instruction memory and data memory to let you make What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? the processor datapath, the decision usually depends on the. /Filter /FlateDecode spent stalling due to mispredicted branches. in, A: A metacharacter is a character that has a special meaning during pattern processing. 4 0 obj << A: Actually, given memory locations B8700 and B8701 with a value A8 and D7. beqz x17, label the cycle time? Justify your formula.
Micro Wedding Packages Seattle,
Hydraulic Clutch Conversion Kit Motorcycle,
Articles W
