hetch hetchy controversy apush

Each switchback reveals scenic overlooks of the reservoir and Kolana Rock. had particular strength in the West. Prominent sponsors of the dam proposal, particularly (by then former) Mayor James Phelan and city engineer Marsdon Manson (and later his successor, Michael OShaughnessy), quietly lobbied key figures in the government, trusting that the appeal of municipal water and power would easily win supporters amid the prevailing progressive political climate. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. o They supported pacifism and labor organizing John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. Create a federal agency through which the government would help business police itself regulatory commission. Describe the emergence of the "New Woman" at the end of the nineteenth century. Furthermore, they provided a place for the wild plants and creatures to live out their own lives, according to their purposes. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. Photo: Kim Lawson. Submit your nominations for the 2024 NEH Jefferson Lecturer, NEH Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities nominations. Once again, the political pendulum had swung. From the turn-off, the road winds for 16.5 miles up the old Hetch Hetchy railroad grade (26.5 km) to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, passing many lonely trails along the way. Some clubs were important in winning passage of state (and ultimately federal) laws that regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies with Native Americans, urban housing, manufacture and sale of alcohol, child labor laws, women's pensions. o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould The Tuolumne River continues through Tuolumne Meadows and the associated park developments at an elevation of 8,600 feet. What impact did he have on state-level reform? Founder of Settlement House Movement. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? Newlands Reclamation Act: Definition. Consequently, he disagreed with Muir about the ethics of damming the valley and supported the creation of a water reservoir. Had to balance the Northern businessmen and reformers. Muir deeply inspired Pinchot, who in turn helped influence Muirs writing. C. favored the direct election of United States senators. o 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York destroyed by a terrible fire. You might as well deface the world's great cathedrals, he said, "for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dam's construction. Five country-chic rooms in the main building include en suite bathrooms, free WiFi and electric fireplaces. Strengthen the government's ability to break up trusts. What impact did Roosevelt have on the National Park System? 44. Explain. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.. Only a tiny proportion of Yosemites visitors explore this out-of-the-way corner of the national park. In 1908, Theodore Roosevelts Department of the Interior granted San Francisco the authority to dam the Tuolumne River in Hetch Hetchy Valley for use as a reservoir. Who was Robert La Follette? The same features that make Hetch Hetchy Valley so spectacular also make it an ideal location for a dam. The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. . Buchanan v. Worley (1917): Supreme Court struck down a law in Kentucky, requiring residential segregation o NAACP also addressed the lynchings occurring in the South. Second, the sanctity of the national parks which they believed should not be violated. In national parks, preservation reigns king, the natural world kept, as best it can be, in its natural state. What impact did it have on reform? What was the WTUL? Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. Before they could break ground at the OShaughnessy Dam, more infrastructure was required. But what about when the lake dries? Money became extremely tight. Many feared that we were headed for a timber famine in the next twenty years. For Pinchot, nature was a resource that ought to be sustainably shared among the most people possible. In 1896, the Democratic political platform. In the 21st century, Ken Brower, son of the renown environmentalist David Brower, wrote a fascinating account of the failed campaign to save Hetch Hetchy and the modern effort to Reverse an American Mistake, complete with speculation about how the rebirth of a wild valley might evolve. Public disapproval nationwide with the Raker Act helped to bring about the creation of the National Park Service. Muir and other defenders of Hetch Hetchy believe the fight revolved around two central issues. the double-declining-balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation. The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. Others envisioned a moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. Roosevelt's conservation deal meant working with the big logging companies, not the small, independent ones. . As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. What was the social gospel Apush quizlet? o Teaching 46. 1902 in ordered the Justice Department to invoke the Sherman Antitrust Act against a new railroad monopoly in the NorthwestNorthern Securities Companyenterprise pieced together by J.P. Morgan and others. injustices. Utopian vision of a Harvard forestry grad, Scam Advisory: Recent reports indicate that individuals are posing as the NEH on email and social media. Mining and logging interests railed against the plan. It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. He was a firm believer in utilitarian conservation. had more authority in the west then the state and municipal governments. The bustling metropolis of Los Angeles could not have become the city it did without the water which flowed from the Owens Valley hundreds of miles away. We have historic photographs to remind us of what Hetch Hetchy Valley looked like before the dam was built. Plus, the granite walls converge into a narrow outlet at the bottom of the valley the perfect location for a dam. The question Pinchot always asked was, What is the greatest good for the greatest number?, He was famously quoted as saying, Where conflicting interests must be reconciled, the question shall always be answered from the standpoint of the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run., RELATED: Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, In his congressional testimony, Pinchot argued in favor of building the dam. The story of these two icons of American environmentalism is told in John Claytons bookNatural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, published last August. The glacially-carved U-shaped valley floor maximizes the amount of water stored in the reservoir. Clayton suggests that we are drawn to this conflict because its two characters embody deep conflicts within the American experience. 1901 doctors reorganized the American Medical Association into a national professional society. At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. o Some did not agree with a restriction on immigration: employers (immigrants = cheap labor), immigrants themselves, and their political representatives. Forests might provide for the material well-being of human beings, but they did not exist for this reason alone. It spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide trail across the top that hikers use to cross to the opposite side. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man . Created. The Tuolumne River originates in the peaks above Tuolumne Meadows and is the major drainage system for the northern part of Yosemite. "New woman"a product of social and economic changes 1860-1935. Socialist Party of America Right next to the Lucky Buck Cafe, youll find the Yosemite Westgate Lodge and Buck Meadows Lodge. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by. Copyright © 2023 More Than Just Parks | This post may contain affiliate links - read our Standards, Corrections, & Privacy Policy. What were the differing viewpoints from African Americans regarding Booker T. Washington's message? Chapter 28 Apush. March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. Direct Primary and Recall Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. Within three years, Congress had passed the Organic Act, formally defining the parks and creating a new federal agency, the National Park Service, with a mission: to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.. Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. Most turned to "helping" professionssociety considered domestic and suitable for women: What were the different progressive opinions regarding immigration? Do you feel that this is still the thinking of our current society? Within the ranks of the Sierra Club, there was a split between those San Francisco members who favored the dams municipal use versus those who believed this pristine area should not be tampered with under any circumstances. They wanted a federal law making lynching illegal. But the Hetch Hetchy Valley was within the confines of Yosemite National Park. They fished together and talked long hours into the night. Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite Valley are so similar because they were created by the same sequences of geological activity. Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. There is a third concept, too, though it was little understood at the time. Finally, with the railroad complete, teams broke ground on the OShaughnessy Dam on August 1, 1919. On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. Aldo Leopold's visionary thinking still guides today's environmental stewards. Briefly present an argument why ONE of the following developments was the most significant factor contributing to greater environmental conservation in the United States in the 1930s. If, on the other hand, San Francisco gained control, it would signal in important victory for public power resulting in lower rates for the people. On this trip were Gifford Pinchot, a young forester who would eventually become the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, and John Muir, the most famous naturalist in American history. Subsequent proposals for development in our national parks have been defeated by citizen activists inspired by calls to remember Hetch Hetchy. His path roughly follows the John Muir Highway State Highway 132 that runs from Highway 49 in Coulterville up through Greeley Hill before connecting back into Highway 120 before Buck Meadows and the turn-off to Hetch Hetchy. How did the following influence reform: The trail continues to climb for 1.8 miles (2.8 km) above the trail intersection, but you can turn around any time. Total Cards. The reservoir supplies water for the city of San Francisco, so there is no recreational boating or swimming allowed. Guinn v. United States (1915): Supreme Court declared the grandfather clause in Oklahoma law was unconstitutional. These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. both A and B The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. Rounding the corner and catching the first glimpses of Hetch Hetchy Valley reveals the play of light on water. Describe the founding of the NAACP. He discovered it a few of years later. "Progressive" Amendments: 17th Amendment, 18th Amendment, 19th . He lobbied congressmen, compromised with logging and mining companies, and argued for a forest system in which these disparate groups could jointly pursue their interests. Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust suits during the remainder of his presidency. The first people, outside of Native Americans, to see the Hetch Hetchy Valley were Joseph, Nate and William Screechin 1850. For Muir, damming Hetch Hetchy was a blasphemy. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located. Men and municipalities who wish something for nothing will encroach upon them, if permitted. o Rejected political action in favor of strikesgeneral strikes. Yet we tend to focus on the latter, the story that pits Muir and Pinchot against each other. It pitted Gifford Pinchot, Americas first forester, against John Muir, Americas legendary conservationist. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. Once again, the political pendulum would swing. In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt Government should regulate The Blackberry Inn Bed and Breakfast is just one of many welcoming businesses located on the way to Hetch Hetchy. Use good judgment and stay safe. West and East. William Howard Taft assumed the presidency in 1909he was Roosevelt's most trusted lieutenant and handpicked successor. To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton). Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Robert W. Righter Oxford University Press, Mar 17, 2005 - History - 328 pages 0 Reviews. Hetch Hetchy Valley is a treasure worth visiting. Expect delicious meals and hearty portions to fuel your adventure or beat that post-hiking hunger. He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. Why did Roosevelt push for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act? If youre a poet, if youre religious or spiritual, or youre an artist, youre probably a Muir person. What was the Socialist Party of America? . a. In 1923, the O'Shaughnessy Damwas completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. For western states, the most important target of reform energies was the federal governmentthey He was upset with Taft and felt he was the only one that could reunite the Republican Party. o The federal government growing upset with the IWW. San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. Browers Hetch Hetchy: Undoing A Great American Mistake, makes a compelling case for restoring the valley to its previous glory. Explain your answer. According to a local legend, Nate spotted a valley to the east that was too far to visit. should be ended altogether. Monroe was a Chicago poet who joined Muir and others on their 1908 and 1909 outings to the valley. him was beyond question. During the opening months of his administration, Taft called Congress into special session to lower protective rates. How did their role change over time? needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. The report cited other dam projects in making the argument that this project would increase tourism. economy. In the distance, long white plumes of water cascade hundreds of feet down from rocky heights. Who became the most powerful symbol of the reform impulse at the national level? For Muir, nature was God, best preserved far from the degrading touch of man. How did Teddy Roosevelt become president? Franklin Lane served as the attorney for the city of San Francisco in 1903. As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. Level. Answer (a), (b), and (c). Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. This can be very disorienting to fish and disrupt their migrations as they depend on steady streams and flows to guide them. Hetch Hetchy, for the time being, was safe, and it would not be inundated during Roosevelts watch.. How did Wilson purpose to deal with the problem of monopolies? Hetch-Hetchy Controversy 598, A battle between preservationists and San Francisco in 1913, over Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite. Pinchot was a blue blood, a Puritan, a community-oriented insider. o Nursing. Initiative: Building the Hetch Hetchy dam in such a remote location was an enormous project. Hetch Hetchy controversy: Definition. Round percent to hundredths. This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. Start by hiking across the OShaughnessy Dam then turn east along the shore of the reservoir. o Some felt that we needed to help the new residents adapt to American society. In these magazines he articulated the diverse system that we now understand as public lands, a system that combines the preservation of national parks like Yosemite with a system of forests, protected by the federal government but open to every Americans use. Put another way, if Congress denied the city of San Francisco the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the California Progressive leaders suspected that it would only be a matter of time before the emerging Pacific Gas and Electric Company would grab the area. In the autumn of 1871, John Muir visited Hetch Hetchy for the first time. You could miss this small mountain community if you blink at the wrong time, but it is home to a few remarkable small businesses. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` High value placed on education and individual accomplishment. The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. or break up trusts at the state and national level. It was such an evening as I have never had before or since. This friendship was critical to the success of the National Forest Commission. If you want to follow the old railroad line today, the Hetch Hetchy Road and most of the Mather Road were built on the old railroad bed and are beautiful scenic drives as well. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with . Utilizing its superior resources, the city produced a detailed report which made a compelling case that, far from damaging the beauty of Yosemite, the dam would actually enhance it. Their rivalry spoke to rivalries at the core of the American experience. Muckraking magazinesnotably McClure's of the publisher S. S. McCluretook on corporate monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. History. What reform issues did Wilson not support? This, a system joining preservation with conservation, was the result of his alliance with Pinchot. Direct Primary: In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. What professions were considered "suitable" for women? Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Why did voter turnout decline? What did the congressional elections of 1910 show? He had journeyed to Washington to lobby the federal government on behalf of the project. But camped together beside jewel-like Lake McDonald in what would become Glacier National Park, they took a liking to each other. But how did the dam get to be here? Taft investigated the charges and decided they were groundless. This limits their ability to access spawning habitat, seek out food resources, and escape predation. Photo: Theresa Ho, Of course, the proposal was immediately opposed by environmentalists including the Sierra Club and John Muir. For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. They formed an alliance around the belief that natural places like Lake McDonald were important enough for the federal government to permanently ownand manage. This fight set the stage for future battles between those who believed natural resources were to be used for the greatest good versus those who believed natural resources were to be preserved for the greatest enjoyment. Recall: Initiative and Referendum "HETCH HETCHY" ran the headline on September 4, 1913: The only time to set aside national parks is before the bustling needs of civilization have crept upon them. And today there is even an organization, Restore Hetch Hetchy, which is committed to doing just that. How did this affect other professions? Progressives involved in reform placed emphasis on knowledge and expertise (examplesocial work). The inadequacy of the citys existing water supply came into sharp focus. The deciding factor was whether or not the land in question had access to water. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. And, as you might imagine, it produces some of the cleanest municipal water in the United States. St Joseph County, Mi Court Records Search, Articles H