70 percent of pakistan inbred

If a subject had more than 10 percent homozygosity, extreme inbreeding was more than likely the cause. [Online]. Increased risk of abnormalities in the offspring is often advanced to explain such restrictions, but the underlying reasons could only be social and anthropological15, because, a custom so popular must have significant social advantage. Sennels states that research reveals inbred children lose 10-16 points from their IQ, and the chance of having an IQ of less than 70 (the official demarcation for being classified as retarded) increases by an astonishing 400% for the child of first cousin marriage. "Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020." Tang, G.-L. Zhang, Y.-H. Xiao et al., Physiological and biochemical characteristics in flag leaves of the C Liangyou series of rice hybrid combinations at late growth stages, Rice Science, vol. 25, pp. [22] and Yang et al. 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This is an open access article distributed under the. This result revealed that hybrid rice varieties maintained significantly greater LAI from heading to maturity stage compared to the inbred. This margin of error is lessened for larger districts from where larger sample sizes were utilised. Forty percent (1530 out of 3820) of related parents had congenital nalfonnations in their children (Figure 2) 2835, 2003. WebFinally, it was found that the size of the studies conducted in the Gulf countries and Pakistan on this phenomenon, described in Table 4, is a powerful and descriptive indication of the importance and seriousness of inbreeding and the consequent spread of genetic diseases . The ideal entry-level account for individual users. The overall prevalence of congenital malformations in children of related parents was 40% (1530 out of 3820) and in non-related parents 26% (305 out of 1180) (p= 0.01). [3]. This group is dwindling because of its age. The white tiger is a result of a rare genetic mutation and the most efficient way to breed them is by using two tigers who have the recessive genes needed to produce offspring with a white coat. The overall prevalence of congenital malformations in children of related parents was 40% (1530 out of 3820) and in non-related parents 26% (305 out of 1180) (p=<0.01). 15, 1993, (Chinese with English abstract). Rakshani is the major dialect group in terms of numbers. WebR BC = S[() n + n' (1 + F A)] v (1 + F B)(1 + F C) . M. N. A. Khan, S. Murayama, Y. Ishimine, E. Tsuzuki, K. Motomura, and I. Nakamura, Growth and yield in F1 hybrids of rice ( Oryza sativa L.), Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, vol. 48, no. Slatis, H.M., Reis, R.H. and Hoene, R.E. About 3.4% of animals were 25% or more inbred. Reduction of chlorophyll content at 23 days after flowering compared to 2 days after flowering was 33 and 36% in hybrids and inbred, respectively. Such a decline has not been seen anywhere else due to the positive social benefits which such marriages provide, especially to women. For rising average daily temperature 1C from 29C, shoot reserve remobilization to the grain decreased at the rate of ca. According to the BBC, a muslim family in the UK is up to 13 times more likely to have a child with recessive genetic disorders, and account for a third of all children with genetic birth defects. ), Also spoken in: China, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)", Definitely endangered "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home", Severely endangered "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves", Critically endangered "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently", Extinct "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s", This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 20:57. Studied hybrid rice varieties showed slightly higher photosynthetic rate in flag leaf at 23 days after flowering. 5. Of these, 66 are indigenous and 8 are non-indigenous. 28, 2023. The overall frequency inbreeding in this study was 76% and the coefficient of inbreeding was 0.04151 (Table II). However, environmental influence on total chlorophyll content of flag leaf was relatively small. In both the years, the maximum grain yield for all varieties was achieved at early planting dates (20 December) and there was a gradual decreasing trend observed in delayed planting. These results indicated that BRRI dhan45 has the genotypic superiority over the tested hybrids with respect to postheading photosynthetic assimilation per unit leaf area. 28, no. Next, learn about some of the most infamous cases of incest in history. This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Leaf area index, chlorophyll status, and photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, postheading crop growth rate, shoot reserve translocation, source-sink relation and yield, and its attributes of each variety were comprehensively analyzed. In terms of their vitality, 7 are classified as 'institutional', 17 are 'developing', 37 are 'vigorous', 10 are 'in trouble', and 3 are 'dying'. Cheng et al. These cookies do not store any personal information. Consanguinity and reproductive health in Iraq. America. Thompson, LS. WebMianchannu-51 --19 70 Muridke-92 3-19 114 Sheikhupura-381 32-67 480 Gujrat 34 306 6 9 70 425 Jhelum 4 394 39 3 338 778 Consanguinity related prenatal and postnatal mortality in Pakistan inbreeding. Cow-dung was applied @ 10tha1 and chemical fertilizers as urea, triple superphosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum, and zinc sulphate were applied @ 270-130-120-70-10kgha1, respectively [31]. Leaf area (LA) was measured by an automatic leaf area meter (Model: LI-3100, Li-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA.) What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. H. K. Poshtmasari, H. Pirdashti, M. Nasiri, and M. A. Bahmanyar, Study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer management on dry matter remobilization of three cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. From 1990 to 2018, Pakistan's HDI increased 38.6% from 0.404 to 0.560. Slow senescence and stronger photosynthetic capability of flag leaf, higher LAI at grain filling period, and higher postheading-CGR are the prerequisites for higher yield in hybrid rice [2528]. Hered., 1978;28 :226-234. The effects of consanguinity on such parameters as fertility, infant and child development, mortality and morbidity are well known and havebeen studied in American4, Japanese5 and Indian populations6. London, Pelican books, 1966. 1. [87], Other languages spoken by linguistic minorities include the languages listed below, with speakers ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands. At the same time in its phonology it is radically different[80] (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south. Ethnolinguistic groups with a population of more than a million each. The extent to which our estimate reflects the true prevalence of [extreme inbreeding] in the entire UK population is a difficult question, said Yengo. T. L. Jeng, T. H. Tseng, C. S. Wang, C. L. Chen, and J. M. Sung, Yield and grain uniformity in contrasting rice genotypes suitable for different growth environments, Field Crops Research, vol. However, the hybrids and inbred varieties exhibited statistically identical yield in late planting. University of Pittsburgh Press, cited in Modell, B and Kulieve, A.M. Social and genetic implications of custornary consanguineous marriages among BritishPakistanis. More than 20% of the world population favours consanguineous marriages because of its social benefits1 - It certainly is supportive to the women in patrilineal descent of families in the developing countries. Assoc., 1981;31 :269-274. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? Rice production has to be increased 1% per annum to deliver sufficient rice for an evergrowing population of rice-consuming countries [1]. [18], Jeng et al. The population is mainly clustered around the most agriculturally fertile areas, particularly the Indus River and its tributaries. Ethnographic atlas. In captive breeding facilities these two individuals are often related, making inbreeding common. Whereas, some investigators mentioned that the hybrid has the lower single-leaf photosynthetic rate throughout the whole growth period and greater LAI contributes to the heterosis in biomass production and grain yield [3, 29, 30]. The coefficient of inbreeding of families with malformed children was 0.043425 as compared to 0.03 9352 in controls. WebAnother 1.3% were married to other relations and the rest (over 37%) were married to non-relatives. Web70% of marriages in Pakistan are believed to be inbred. And the researchers found 125 cases like this. K. Katsura, S. Maeda, T. Horie, and T. Shiraiwa, Analysis of yield attributes and crop physiological traits of Liangyoupeijiu, a hybrid rice recently bred in China, Field Crops Research, vol. Numerous smaller cities (such as Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, and the capital Islamabad) dot the rest of the country. The maximum value of LAI gradually decreased in hybrid and inbred varieties with delayed transplanting due to reduction of vegetative phase. Half of the Muslim population are inbred. One seedling (30 days old) was transplanted per hill maintaining 25cm 15cm spacing. ", World Bank, Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/383207/fertility-rate-in-pakistan/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020 [Graph], World Bank, March 30, 2023. Fluctuation in flag leaf chlorophyll content was small among the different planting dates. Although the table is originally ranked by district population size, clicking the headers will allow the reader to sort the table. A similar result was reported by several other investigators [1, 17, 19, 20, 43, 44]. Also, BRRI dhan45 is a high yielding inbred variety for dry season and was developed by BRRI in 2005 through crossing between BRRI dhan2 and TETEP. A. Abou Khalifa, Physiological evaluation of some hybrid rice varieties under different sowing dates, Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. [92][93][94] Majority of the Muslims practice Sunni with a significant minority of Shi'as. Regression analysis indicated that birth weight (p<0.05), weaning weight If you appreciated this article and would like to support us, would you consider a one off small donation? (function() { R. F. Wang, Y. H. Zhang, L. S. Qian, L. H. Wu, and Q. N. Tao, Studies on diagnostics of nitrogen in rice using chlorophyll meter, Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University, vol. D. F. Russell, MSTAT-C Package Program, Crop and Soil Science Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich, USA, 1986. S. S. Virmami, Shifting the yield frontier with hybrid rice, in Increasing Rice Production in BangladeshChallenges and Strategies, S. I. Bhuiyna and A. N. M. R. Karim, Eds., pp. Jpri. 5155, 2002. and Thompson, MW Genetics, in medicine. Inbreeding doubles the chances of still birth, and increases the chance of death during labour by 50%. As a consequence, yield of hybrid varieties decreased rapidly compared to the inbred under delayed planting. Chlorophyll content indicates photosynthetic efficiency of leaves [24, 40]. The U.K. Biobank began in 2006 and helps scientists study the various contributions of genetic predisposition and environmental exposure to the development of diseases. Hindko () is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken in several discontinuous areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. New York, Oxford University Press, New york, 1988, pp. [7] This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. The parents of children visiting out- patients department were asked to. 135138, 1999. The prevalence of consanguinity and the degree of inbreeding vary from one population to another depending on ethnicity, religion, culture and geography. Z. Liang, Photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and its translocation in inter-sub-specific hybrid rice, Acta Agronomica Sinica, vol. A Birmingham study proved that the relationship of parents significantly and adversely affected the child, the total prevalence of congenital malformations and handicap of 9% in the consanguineous group (mainly Pakistanis settled in the UK) as compared to 3% in the general population. [41] reported higher photosynthetic capability of flag leaf in hybrid rice. Ten plants were sampled from each plot at heading and at maturity. Inherited metabolic, haematological, enzymatic and chromosomal defects were not included. The postanthesis decline in leaf area at specially the ripening stage was higher in the hybrid compared to the inbred [17]. Populations pertaining to the modern borders of provinces are shown. of couples actually make such a marriage world-wide1. There are at least two reasons inbreeding is so common in parts of the Muslim world (in addition to ignorance of its link to genetic defects): tradition and religion. The present study suggested accumulation of more dry matter before heading and its higher translocation into the developing grain during filling stage resulting in higher yield of hybrids over the modern inbred. This may be due to intrinsic genotypic characters or the well adaptability of the inbred BRRI dhan45 to the environment. [67] It is the 11th most widely spoken language in India, and the third most-spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. J. J. Tang, H. Chen, and S. Katsuyoshi, Varietial differences in photosynthetic characters and chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics parameters among intergeneric progeny drive from Oryza x Sorghum, its parents and hybrid rice, Journal of Zhejiang University of Science B, vol. As urbanisation has progressed and owing to the country's large population, Pakistan today has many very large urban centers which act as hubs for commerce and culture. B. Zou et al., Study on yield stability and dry matter characteristics of super hybrid rice, Scientia Agricultura Sinica, vol. You only have access to basic statistics. [57] Although only about 7% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is widely spoken and understood as a second language by the vast majority of Pakistanis. A single plot was comprised of 20 lines and each line contained 26 hills. It has a 1530% advantage in yield over modern inbred rice varieties [35] but does not frequently exhibit higher yield potential [3, 611]. In delayed planting (5 February) yield sink per unit leaf area was significantly decreased in tested varieties. In this study there was no significant difference in flag leaf photosynthetic rate between the studied hybrid and inbred rice varieties, irrespective of planting dates. [48], After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan and they are the largest group of foreign-born residents. Its true that many people in the region have committed incest. Child., 1989;64:1036-1041. } D. A. Choudhury, H. Hamid, G. U. Miah, and M. M. Haque, Phenology, growth and yield ability of modern and old rice cultivars of different maturity groups, Bangladesh Agronomy Journal, vol. At 23 days after flowering, Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2 showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate than BRRI dhan45, but the studied hybrid and inbred varieties exhibited decreasing trend of photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf at 9, 16, and 23 days after flowering in all planting dates. } 2, pp. [27], and Tang et al. The PDHS also showed that compared to the women who married at 18 years of age, the percentage of those who were married to first cousins was slightly lower among those married at older ages. WebThe Real Housewives of Atlanta The Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Day Fiance Wife Swap The Amazing Race Australia Married at First Sight The Real Housewives of Dallas My 600-lb Life Last Week Tonight with John Oliver The grain yield and its attributes of the tested varieties at different planting dates have been shown in Table 3. Relationship between the shoot reserve translocation percentage and average daily temperature from flowering to maturity. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. If a person had more than 10 percent homozygosity, extreme inbreeding was more than likely the reason. [85] An alternative local name for this language group is Hindki. On the other hand, the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the territory of Gilgit-Baltistan both share very low urbanisation rates of 16.5%. [4] The census also reported that Azad Kashmir's population stood at 4,045,367[5] and Gilgit-Baltistan's population was 1,492,924. Balochi () is an Iranian language spoken as a first language by about 3% of Pakistanis, mostly in the Balochistan province. The average modern day Japanese is descended from about 16 percent of [8] reported that hybrid rice had higher productivity after heading but translocation of assimilates was inefficient (source use efficiency). answer a questionnaire which included, among other variables, parents relationship to each other (whether first cousins (n=3 125), flrstcousins once removed (n=200), second cousins (n=330), second cousins once removed (n=50) and the couples who were related but the exact relationship could not be established distant relatives (n=115)). J. Yang and J. Zhang, Grain-filling problem in super rice, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. [86][d], Brahui () is a Dravidian language spoken in the central part of Balochistan province. Flag leaves from the main tiller of five representative plants of each plot were used to measure photosynthetic rate with a portable photosynthesis analyzer (Model: LI-6400, Li-COR Inc. USA) at 2, 9, 16, and 23 days after flowering under clear sunshine from 11.00 am to 12.30 pm when photosynthetically active radiation at the top of the canopy ranged from 1300 to 1400molm2s1. N1 7GU, Copyright 2017 2021 | AltNewsMedia Ltd | All rights reserved. This census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District, where Muslims were previously the majority. B. Chakrabarti, P. K. Aggarwal, S. D. Singh, S. Nagarajan, and H. Pathak, Impact of high temperature on pollen germination and spikelet sterility in rice: comparison between basmati and non-basmati varieties, Crop and Pasture Science, vol. Consanguineous marriages in Chicago region. 8. WebThe total fertility rate in Pakistan decreased by 0.1 children per woman (-2.76 percent) since the previous year. [36]: Hereditas, 1989;111:79-83. Poor grain filling is the cause of poor grain yield in hybrids [8, 10, 23]. For a general overview of the citizens of Pakistan, see. SchulI, W.J. So, the available information on photosynthetic capability of flag leaf, the roles of shoot reserve translocation, and postheading crop growth rate to higher grain yield of hybrid rice varieties are still controversial. } Health Trends, 1 989;2 1:79-84. The effects of inbreeding in Japanese children, New York, Harper and Row, 1965. Languages of Pakistan. There was no significant preference for marriage towards paternal side, maternal side orboth, as the percentage ratio of first cousins, second cousins and distant related couples was nearly the same in all the groups (Table III). 406414, 2004. This study was only confined to visible or easily detectable malformations. In Pakistan , the numbers approach 70%. A staff writer for All Thats Interesting, Marco Margaritoff has also published work at outlets including People, VICE, and Complex, covering everything from film to finance to technology. Of all the children with malformations, 83% (1530 out of 1835) were the product of consanguineous marriages with a ratio of 5:1 between related and unrelated parents as compared to 2.6:1 in the comparison group which had no malformations in their children with a p=0.00008, Pearsons Chi squarevalue of 15.66 and a contingency coefficient of 0.12417, making this association highly significant. J. M. Yan, H. Q. Zhai, R. X. Zhang, D. M. Jiao, B. S. Chen, and H. S. Zhan, Study on characteristics of photosynthesis and assimilates transportation in heavy ear hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.), Acta Agronomica Sinica, vol. [28] reported that the more dry matter in the vegetative organ at heading contributes little to the grain due to poor transportation and remobilization of stored assimilates and these account for poor grain filling rather than source limitation in super- and intersubspecific hybrids. WebAccording to a study titled Identifying Genes Responsible for Intellectual Disability in Consanguineous Families [ PDF] by Zafar Iqbal, the rate of consanguinity is very high in Pakistan (>60%). I. Oh-e, K. Saitoh, and T. Kuroda, Effects of rising temperature on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice grown in the paddy field, in Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, Poster no. As is true with population growth, urbanisation is an uneven and nonlinear process. B. H. Zhao, P. Wang, H. X. Zhang, Q. S. Zhu, and J. C. Yang, Source-sink and grain filling characteristics of two-line hybrid rice Yangliangyou 6, Rice Science, vol. Hashmi ( Department of Paediatric Surgery, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The language is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. and Kurian, M Consanguinity and its effect on fetal groMh and development: A South Indian study. Originally, this variety was developed from the breeding line BR5778-21-2-3 and its duration of growth ranges from 140 to 145 days. Large sink size or sink strength of hybrids creating higher demand for photosynthetic assimilates increased photosynthetic rate in flag leaf initially at delayed planting. Relationship between current photosynthate accumulation (CPA) panicle, Copyright 2015 Md Moinul Haque et al. Both hybrids mature in 140 to 145 days during the dry seasons (December to May) [31]. 17. 7, pp. 6, no. Postheading crop growth rate as an index of plant productivity in grain filling period was calculated as the increase of plant dry matter per unit time and measured by taking the total dry matter at heading and at maturity [35]. W.-B. It further added 17% to 38% of the consanguineous marriages in Pakistan are between first cousins. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Darr, A. and Modell, B. B. Dalei, and B. K. Choudhury, Response of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa) to date of planting, spacing and seedling rate during wet season, Indian Journal of Agronomy, vol. Inbreeding is seen as a stereotype by the people of the region. In some countries, such as Pakistan, that figure is closer to 70%. T. Kobata, M. Sugawara, and S. Takatu, Shading during the early grain filling period does not affect potential grain dry matter increase in rice, Agronomy Journal, vol. Efficient assimilate supply to the grain from the source and the capacity of the sink to receive it determines the higher yield (grain filling percentage) and these processes depend highly upon environmental conditions [48, 49]. [41] reported that hybrid rice contains higher amounts of chlorophyll in their leaves. Because of deleterious effects of such marriages on pennatal and infant mortality and occurrence of congenital malformations12, Japan10 has shown a remarkable decrease in the incidence of consanguinity over the past 40 years. 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