Consistent with the publishing custom of the time, nearly all of Haydn's quartets were released in sets of six, even though Haydn did not necessarily plan them as integral editions. *#476446 - 2.12MB, 27 pp. 76 (the "Emperor" in 1934 and the "Sunrise" in 1938). Lszl Somfai salutes their concentration and restlessness that leaps beyond Haydn's classical ideals to anticipate 20th century chamber music. Others cite a number of isolated examples of instrumental works specifying two violins, a viola and a cello by Gregori Allegri (1582 - 1662), Franz Xavier Richter (1709-89) and others, all of which predate Haydn. After this, the opening theme returns again, with the solo line beginning with the cello and moving up through the viola to the 2nd violin. 5, FHE No. [12], "[It is] called the Graveyard Quartet because the second movement is often played at burials," writes Sonia Simmenauer in her book Must It Be? 33, No. - 6 5, Opus 54, 55, the "Tost" quartets, sets I & II (1788), Opus 64, the "Tost" quartets, set III (1790), Opus 71, 74, the "Apponyi" quartets (1793), String Quartets, Op. 33 cycle as written in "a completely new and special style," even though most scholars regard them more as a consolidation of his prior work than truly novel, Ludwig Finscher going so far as to regard the tag as misleading and a mere marketing gimmick. 1, FHE No. 64, No. 4 75, Hoboken No. III:42, Quartet No. 47, Hoboken No. (-)- V/V/V - 260 - IS, Cello (mono) Count Anton Georg Apponyi, a relative of Haydns patrons, paid 100 ducats for the privilege of having these quartets publicly dedicated to him. 3, FHE No. University of Western Ontario Music Library (CDN-Lu): Dedication 1: Mrs. Beckford 2: Mr. Rigby 3. The Menuetto boasts a lengthy canon between the upper and lower strings. Six string quartets composed by Joseph Haydn in 1797 or 1798. 32, Hoboken No. 4 It ends in D major. III:79, Quartet No. 64, No. 59 in G minor ("Rider"), Op. *#472938 - 9.80MB, 130 pp. 6 10 12 in C major, Op. In 1922 the Weimar Republic adopted it and, despite its use by the Nazis, it remains the German national anthem. They now are thought to have been written by Romanus Hoffstetter, a monk who deeply admired Haydn and wrote: "everything that flows from Haydn's pen seems to me so beautiful and remains so deeply impressed in my memory that I cannot prevent myself now and again from imitating something as well as I can." 76, in G major; large, quasi-orchestral chords are set off from passages of masterful, relaxed counterpoint. 1, FHE No. III:63, Quartet No. 76 are frequently and justly described as Haydn's greatest works in the genre. exhibits registral procedures that are characteristic of Haydn's string quartets as a whole.21 The work begins, however, in a manner uncharacteristic of Haydn and of mid-century string quartets, with each part in a low register (Ex. The set is one of the most renowned of Haydn's string quartet collections.[4]. Hughes credits them with effortless fluency, and Griffiths hears in them the first full pervasive flowering of Haydn's trademark wit, culminating in surprises such as the end of Op. Dismiss Try it free 4 76, NO. Some have even posited that continuo parts should be inferred. For details on how we use cookies, see our. "Haydn, (Franz) Joseph" at, This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 01:34. [13], "The focus and core of the work is the extended Largo in the unusual and remote key of F major," comments German music journalist Felix Werthschulte. 17, No. "This is thoroughly engrossing music, forever deceiving the listener as to where the main beat comes."[15]. 10 - 10 Because of its key and texture, the Quartet in D minor (No. (-)- V/V/V - 395 - IS, Viola (color) 76 represent the apex of his evolution of the genre from birth to maturity. Article on the Op. The lively sixteenth-note section returns in measure 50, beginning with sixteenth notes in the cello which move to the viola, and finally, the violins. 71, No. 60, No. 0.0/10 He subsequently crafted a hymn to the words of Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (God Save Emperor Franz) by Lorenz Leopold Haschka, and it served as an Austrian anthem for more than a century. 76 quartets are among Haydn's most ambitious chamber works, deviating more than their predecessors from standard sonata form and each emphasizing their thematic continuity through the seamless and near-continual exchange of motifs between instruments. 10 No matter how many other renditions youve heard, you can always return to the Tatrai set for an intangible feeling of well-being and comfort that subtly compels awe of the magnitude and complexity of Haydns achievement and still speaks to us, utterly undimmed and immune from the abrasion and attenuation of all the time that has passed since its creation. The third movement, in D major and D minor, is a standard minuet and trio, while the fourth movement's D Major, cut time Presto is in an irregular sonata form. 76, No. The freedom and diversity that mark Haydn's style are everywhere evident in the Op. Because of its Presto tempo, the third movement, a Menuetto, takes on the character of a genuine scherzo with a feel of one beat per measure. 43 in G major, Op. Haydn stresses textural contrast in the first of the six quartets of Op. External Links Earsense page Wikipedia article (complete Op.76) Haydn previously used a two-part canon with the lower string trailing the upper strings by a single bar in the minuet of his 44th Symphony. 62 in C major, Op. - 1799 in String Quartets, Op.76 (No.3) Dedication Prince Erdody Composer Time Period Comp. III:65, Quartet No. 0.0/10 76 quartets is No. 10 (-)- V/V/V - 217 - IS, Viola (mono) theme].[8]. 9, Hoboken No. In this article, we discuss the nature of the string quartet, trace how it evolved through Haydn, examine each of the Opus 76 quartets, consider some important recordings and then list some sources of information. 8 *#476424 - 1.25MB, 17 pp. 10 2 64, No. 1, FHE No. 10 The sea change came in 1932 when the Belgian Pro Arte Quartet (Alphonse Onnou, Laurent Halleux, Germain Prevost, Robert Maas) launched a series of HMV sets of 78s, each with nearly an hour's worth of music on seven records containing three or four Haydn quartets (now available in the original configurations on Pristine Audio or combined into two Testament four-CD sets). While scholars may have been aware of the scope and excellence of Haydn's achievements, in the public mind during most of the pre-LP era he had written a dozen or so great symphonies, two oratorios and not much else of value, and so it is hardly surprising that recordings of his quartets were few and far between. 76 quartets, where works of vastly contrasting atmospheres are placed side by side. (-)- V/V/V - 84 - IS, Complete Parts (mono) 6, FHE No. Ironically, among the spurious works is the lovely serenade movement of Op. 4, FHE No. Haydn aptly labels it "Cantabile e mesto" "singing and sad." 0.0/10 Period: Classical: Piece Style Classical: Instrumentation 2 violins, viola, cello Related Works The second movement is based on the song Das Kaiserlied. 0.0/10 But the string quartet, using an array of two violins, one viola and one cello, demands far more. 6 2), recalls Mozart's K. 421, also the second in his set of "Haydn" quartets. [9] The second movement, written in F major in cut time, is in sonata form. 25 in C major, Op. The opening movement of the fifth, in D major, departs from the sonata form of the first four to what Robin Golding can only describe as "unorthodox variations," as it really seems to defy conventional formal analysis and thwarts expectations, even while suggesting an intensely human struggle. 29, Hoboken No. 0.0/10 In keeping with their general faith in progress, earlier critics tended to dismiss all but the last of Haydn's quartets. 66 (spurious), Hoboken No. Who knows, a sudden global pandemic had forced all the performances to be cancelled at least to the beginning of 2021. 76 No. The Quartet No. 2 50, Hoboken No. Notably, in light of Haydn's letter noted above, which assumed renewed significance on the eve of World War II, the review alluded to "the sanity of Haydn's music. [1], The Op. (-)- V/V/V - 164 - IS, Violin 1 2, Hoboken No. 4 The third movement, Menuetto allegro, is a dance form. III:8, Quartet No. 6 2, FHE No. 3, No. 4 0.0/10 6 They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. (-)- V/V/V - 466 - Carolus, 4 more: Violin 1 (mono) Violin 2 (mono) Viola (mono) Cello (mono), Violin 1 (mono) 1, FHE No. 10 3, FHE No. 6 31, Hoboken No. Updates? The other formal factor to notice is that the entire structure is an accumulation of the elements which have slowly entered the harmonic and contrapuntal scheme in the course of the variations and have become a natural part of the statement [i.e. 64 in D major, Op. Because of the importance of B minor in the work and the slow movement's key of F sharp major, this quartet may be the first example of a work built around keys related by a third. 3, "Kaiser" ("Emperor"), 1797 Haydn's final "six pack" of string quartets, Op. The presto finale begins where it seemingly should end with three insistent tonic cadences and then gallops off in unbounded joy broken only by occasional grand pauses, its frantic pace, sustained length and jagged phrasing as challenging for the players to maintain as for listeners to marvel at. 20, No. To Henry Lang, Haydn poured into the medium his "love of life, inexhaustible humor and impeccable craftsmanship" and to Barrett-Ayres Haydn was "master yet student, scholar yet romantic, the essence of stability yet an adventurer." - (-)- V/V/V - 350 - Carolus, Violin 1 (mono) 1799 in String Quartets, Op.76 (No.2) Dedication Prince Erdody Composer Time Period Comp. 6 76 as just a bit superficial, lacking character or depth, especially in the slow movements. 26, Hoboken No. 0.0/10 By 1797, when Haydn received a commission from the . Innovation continues in the finale, which is in the minor mode and turns to the major only in its last few measures before the coda. 2 - Incidentally, Op. 2, No. *#581305 - 16.15MB, 16 pp. Joseph Haydn wrote sixty-eight string quartets. (-)- V/V/V - 83 - IS, Viola (color) 29 in G major ("How Do You Do? The fourth movement, in C minor and C major, is in sonata form. 76 to Count Joseph Erddy, whose exclusive rights to use the works for a period delayed their publication until 1799. 62 in C major, Op. 8 6 A stunning opening with a long melody in the first violin emerging from sustained chords in the lower strings prompted one listener, at least, to christen the B flat major quartet, "Sunrise." In measure 162, the staccato eighth-note trade-off section returns, in the tonic key and piano dynamic. 74, No. 63 in B major, Op. 8 6 58, Hoboken No. As an indication of Haydn's lack of renown at the time and the consequent presumed financial risk, the project was undertaken by a Haydn Quartet Society, which sputtered after the fifth release in 1935, but by 1938 had issued eight volumes with 27 quartets (plus two of Hoffstetter's), but included only two of Op. 0.0/10 76, No. - Luckily, I had already enjoyed the noontime musical under that splendid dome last November. 6 in E flat major III:19, Quartet No. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 8 17 and 20. V Proj.1] - The Classical Era- Project 1- Sonata Form ~ Exercise 5.1: Haydn structural analysis and score annotations. [10], Haydn's Op. Barrett-Ayres cites their luminous, translucent texture and jubilant finales, which he attributes to the influence of Mozart's early quartets. 8 76, No. At the outset, we should note that few performers of the Haydn quartets bother mentioning whether they use period instruments, and with good reason it hardly matters, since even modern ensembles prize the fabulous string instruments made in Italy by Stradivari, Guarneri del Gesu, Amati and others generations before Haydn and aspire to play the surviving originals, as their gorgeous tone has never been matched, despite all the "progress" and "improvements" in instrument construction since then. It has been called the "Witches' Minuet" ("Hexenminuett"). 76, No. Corrections? 33 cycle with launching one of the first known professional string quartets, which toured them (and other works) for eight months in private homes and public concerts in a number of cities, thus spreading Haydn's growing celebrity yet further. 65 (spurious), Hoboken No. 50, No. Haydns Kaiser quartet was a product of the years after his triumphant London visits of 1791-92 and 1794-95. 40 in F major ("Dream"), Op. (-)- V/V/V - 691 - Pianoman121, PDF scanned by D-Mbs 40, Hoboken No. 3, however: the 'Emperor' quartet with its second movement: a set of variations on the 'Kaiserlied' which Haydn had recently composed to the greater glory of the Austrian Emperor Franz II. 8 - Joseph Haydn wrote sixty-eight string quartets. *#472937 - 18.25MB, 130 pp. The freedom and diversity that mark Haydn 's style are everywhere evident in the Op. 4 4 - 0.0/10 - Badley goes on to say "The meagre bibliographical evidence has been painstakingly sifted and the works themselves subjected to every kind of analytical technique known to musicology. 10 0.0/10 53 in D major ("The Lark"), Op. Haydn: String Quartets, Op. It is unusual in that the movement is written like a canon and the trio section is written in the tonic major key as opposed to a relative key (in D major). 4 6 - As in the G major quartet, the Menuetto is so fast that it is indeed a scherzo, the Trio of which is labeled "Alternativo. *#454963 - 56.19MB, 162 pp. 76 (ASV DCA 1077). 4, FHE No. 4 6 (-)- V/V/V - 235 - Carolus, Violin 1 (mono) 8 *#472931 - 4.04MB, 60 pp. *#476404 - 0.85MB, 13 pp. 0.0/10 2 - String Quartets, Op.76 (Haydn, Joseph) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download String Quartets, Op.76 ( Haydn, Joseph) This page is only for complete editions and multiple selections from the collection here. Written at the request of Viennese aristocrat Joseph Erddy, the collection incorporates impressions from the composers London tours. Haydn, Joseph - String Quartet Op.76 No. Admiring Haydn's melody in the early III:21, Quartet No. 2 24 in A major, Op. 42, FHE No. 10 8 76, No. - 4, is nicknamed Sunrise due to the rising theme over sustained chords that begins the quartet. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. 57 in C major, Op. 13, Hoboken No. Although Haydn should not be regarded as the father of the string quartet, he contributed more than any of his contemporaries to the rise and growth of the genre. Here, we heard the delightful dotted notes played by the string instruments again after the dignified poco adagio. - III:15, Quartet in F major, Op. - 8 in E major, Op. 10 Aside from the general impulsion of progress, the impetus for this development has been traced to the use of larger venues (and even the outdoors) where the continuo (especially a delicate harpsichord) would be sonically lost, a desire for structurally intricate music to stimulate musicians' interest, and the emergence of the viola as a viable instrument rising above its accustomed role as a mere adjunct to the cello and part of the continuo. 2 8 61 in D minor ("Quinten", "Fifths", "The Donkey"), Op. Perhaps for the last reason, they became hugely popular, appealing alike to connoisseurs and unsophisticated listeners, the demand generating dozens of transcriptions and four further editions in two years and stimulating others (including Mozart) to write quartets of their own. Pianoman121 (2019/7/14), Violin 2 9 (Hungaroton 12976-77). Each of the six quartets displays this fine balance between consolidation of the tradition Haydn already had created and his irrepressible drive toward yet further innovation, and boasts sufficient riches to warrant individual consideration. III:36, Quartet No. 76 quartet, in d minor, is known as the "Quinten" ("Fifths") for its distinctive opening motif of falling tonic and dominant open fifths which generate the entire work (and, perhaps not coincidentally, The third quartet, in C major, is called the "Emperor. 61, Hoboken No. The slow movement of the String Quartet op. Haydn - String Quartet, Op. 2 76. It's hard to go far wrong among them, perhaps because the very nature of the works inspires an extraordinary degree of enthusiasm, love and devotion among a wide swath of players. 76 by Joseph Haydn were composed in 1796 or 1797 and dedicated to the Hungarian count Joseph Georg von Erddy (1754-1824). The challenges and opportunities that the form presented to Haydn are summed up by Reginald Barrett-Ayres: "The limitations imposed by four stringed instruments appealed so much to his sensitive mind that he often used the string quartet as a means of expressing his deepest and innermost thoughts." Joseph Haydn String Quartet in C Major, Op. 3 The slow movement from Haydn's 'Emperor' Quartet is said to be one of Haydn's greatest works. 8 In measure 135, the allegro con spirito sixteenth-note section returns in the 1st violin, punctuated by staccato eighth notes in the other instruments. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music. While the comparison suggests that the Lner may have sounded dated even at the time, their records (which, according to Gramophone, reportedly sold especially well in England and Japan) exemplify the somewhat indulgent romantic view of "Papa Haydn.". 20, No. 55, Hoboken No. III:25, Quartet No. 30, Hoboken No. 40 (in the. 3, Hob. 76 by groups that have not ventured into the full series of Haydn quartets. 4, in B-flat Major "Sunrise" Haydn composed his Op. 50, No. The string quartets of Joseph Haydn afford a unique opportunity in the annals of Western art to trace the development of a major genre from birth to maturity, and all within the output of a single artist. III:82. (-)- V/V/V - 474 - IS, Complete Parts (mono) - 10 *#476399 - 1.73MB, 13 pp. Several modern commentators note that structurally they resemble suites, with the five traditional movements (allegro, minuet, adagio, another minuet, presto finale), all in major keys (except minuet trios), melodies characteristic of Austrian folksongs, much two-part harmony (often by doubling the two violins and viola/cello parts), imitative filler phrases of ascending and descending figures, and dominant violins whose occasional dialogues recall trio sonatas. The first ensemble to devote serious attention to Haydn was the Hungarian Lner Quartet (comprising Jen Lner, Joszef Smilovits, Sndor Roth and Imre Hartmann), which recorded acoustical versions of Op. (-)- !N/!N/!N - 24895 - IS, Complete Parts (color) 5, consists of four movements: The first movement (in D major, 68 time) departs from the sonata form of the first four to what Robin Golding describes as "unorthodox variations". (-)- V/V/V - 280 - IS, Viola (mono) 3 (attributed to Haydn), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartets_by_Joseph_Haydn&oldid=1151876651, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Quartet No. 2 III:72, Quartet No. 2, FHE No. III:66, Quartet No. 0.0/10 11 in D minor, Op. 76 Quartets at Classicalnotes.net, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=String_Quartets,_Op._76_(Haydn)&oldid=1146803298, Articles needing additional references from January 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Articles with MusicBrainz work identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Webster, James. 76 quartets are among Haydn's most ambitious chamber works, deviating more than their predecessors from standard sonata form and each emphasizing their thematic continuity through the seamless and near-continual exchange of motifs between instruments. (-)- V/V/V - 99 - IS, Cello (color) The second movement is a set of variations on the Kaiserlied. Haydn's evolution of the string quartet, the subtleties of which can elude amateurs, has been traced by a number of historian/scholars. Unusually, the different movements of the work do not explore different tonalities; rather, the alternate between D minor and major. (-)- V/V/V - 421 - IS, Violin 2 (mono) 76, completed in 1797, may well constitute the finest works of the genre before Beethoven's middle period. When published in 1799 and dedicated to him (thus their occasional reference as the "Erddy Quartets"), they first appeared in Vienna in two sets of three as Opp. ), whether to observe all repeats (and, if so, the degree to which they should be varied), ornamentation, dynamics and accents (most of which were omitted from scores, since performers were assumed to have the taste and training to know how and when to apply them), and which of the available editions to use (as many of the autographs have been lost, and Haydn's intent can be hard to glean beneath the gloss (and errors) added by generations of editors). 70, Hoboken No. III:14, Quartet in G major, Op. 76 No. 2, No. Werthschule adds that the movement "is still sometimes played at funeral services, because this music not only sounds sad, it also gives comfort."[14]. Here, in the last three Op 76 quartets, you've Haydn interpretations that bring forth the full range of expression in these inspired works of his official retirement. 4, Hoboken No. 8 76 No. They reflect over 40 years of experience with quartet writing that always placed Haydn at the vanguard of tradition, upset only briefly by Mozart with the six quartets he dedicated to Haydn. 76, No. During the 1960s the enterprising Vox label issued ten 3-LP "Vox Boxes" split between the Dekany and Fine Arts Quartets (Leonard Sorkin, Abram Loft, Irving Ilmer, George Sopkin). 76, No. The Emperor Quartet is the third of six quartets that together constitute Haydns last complete set of quartets. 6 1, FHE No. see (or create) separate pages for individual works linked in the General Information section below. In a 1937 review welcoming Volume 6, Gramophone offered its "highest praise," citing "the perfection of ensemble" and "continuous beauty of tone and finish." 6 : Life in a Quartet. 6 4 III:60, Quartet No. They are usually referred to by their opus numbers, not Anthony van Hoboken 's catalogue numbers or their publication order in the First Haydn Edition (FHE). III:3, Quartet No. 6, FHE No. 1, #s 3 and 5), the seven-movement "Last Words of Christ on the Cross" and early works now thought to be spurious, while overlooking the so-called "Op. 76, No. *#476422 - 0.94MB, 13 pp. - 61, No. Haydn always loved it. 21, Hoboken No. - 0," his first ten authentic quartets (together with two arrangements) were issued as his Opus 1 and 2. 4, FHE No. (In the days before copyright, publishers often passed off amateur work as by famous compatriots.) In each of the next two years Haydn wrote six more quartets, published as his Opp. The next dozen, published as Opp. (-)- V/V/V - 161 - IS, Cello (mono) The minuet, too, contains unorthodox touches each time it settles into its expected consistent triple time, syncopated duple figures disrupt the pace, and its trio, with constant activity never rising above a whisper, hints at deep secrets. *#476439 - 3.79MB, 27 pp. Written in C major and 24 time the movement uses sonata form. 3 "Emperor" The lyrics in "Gott, erhalte den Kaiser!" ("God save the Emperor") were written by Lorenz Leopold Haschka. 10 The second movement, Poco adagio, cantabile (Rather Slow, Songlike), uses the elegant Emperors Hymn as a basis for variations. 0.0/10 4 4 55 in D major, Op. 3, FHE No. 3, No. 2 Here, they feature a virtuostic first violin part, presumably written for Luigi Tomasini, an excellent violinist whom his deeply devoted patron had hired for the court orchestra, and interior 6-4 cadences suggest opportunities for Tomasini to improvise cadenzas. 76, no. In a reference to the falling perfect fifths at its start, it is known as the Fifths (or, in German, Quinten) quartet. Also known as: String Quartet in C Major, Op. The following two sections may seem a pastiche of others' observations, but the fact is that in making my way through the mass of Haydn's massive and (to me) largely unfamiliar quartet output, I found my understanding vastly enhanced, far more than with more familiar music or more manageable chunks of the repertoire, by the guidance provided by several thoughtful analyses, and so it seems appropriate to summarize and pass them along for the benefit of readers rather than derive my own, far less useful, thoughts. Unfortunately, both strands of evidence are not beyond questioning." Known as the "father of the string quartet," (10) Haydn's impact on the genre has been felt by some of the most well known composers in history, such as Mozart, Beethoven, and Shostakovich. 10 (-)- V/V/V - 124 - Carolus, Violin 1 (color) Table of Contents Emperor Quartet, byname of String Quartet in C Major, Op. *#581304 - 18.06MB, 18 pp. A D minor minuet in 34 time. 4 But despite all the scholarship, influence and devotion his quartets have attracted, perhaps Haydn had had his last say in an 1802 letter, cited by Geiringer, that he had written to admirers in Bergen, Germany, who had put together an amateur performance of his "Seasons" oratorio and who had conveyed their gratitude for his art: If any tangible measure of Haydn's success in revitalizing "the weary and worn" with "a few moments' rest and refreshment" be needed, surely it lies in the generally superb quality of recordings of his quartets. The quartet closes with a sometimes strident, sometimes lilting, but invariably dramatic Finale: presto, again in sonata form. The two quartets numbered 3 and 5 are spurious arrangements by an unknown hand. 1, FHE No. Here, he is already seen breaking the rules that he so rigorously set out to perfe. 4 in G major, Op. 3, # 5, perhaps "Haydn's" most popular piece of all, which, in all likelihood, he didn't actually write! The development section lasts from measure 89 to 139, with the recapitulation beginning in G major in measure 140. See the links below. (-)- V/V/V - 319 - Pianoman121, Viola Reginald Barrett-Ayres: notes to the Aeolian Quartet LP boxes of Opp. 48, Hoboken No. 54, Hoboken No. 2 33, No. Also worth consideration are individual sets of Op. 8 1, No. The last movement, in D minor and 24 time, uses sonata form. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 76, No.1 Anthony Mondon 13.4K subscribers Subscribe 1.5K 153K views 5 years ago This G-major quartet is numbered variously as No. Back from England, financially independent and liberated from servility and prior routine, Haydn was at last free to write as he wished and poured himself into the new quartets (as well as his most ambitious and ultimately most popular work of all, the "Creation" oratorio). Most theorists trace the string quartet as having evolved from the Baroque trio sonata, which consisted of two melodic upper lines and a continuo of varying instrumentation comprised of virtually any lower voices (most often a harpsichord, but also organs, cellos, lutes or bassoons) to provide the harmonic base.
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