autohotkey volume control

. If this parameter is omitted, it defaults to the system's default device for playback (which is not necessarily device 1). All you have to do is keep the script running in the background, select the text, and press the key binding. Send "{Volume_Down 3}" ; Lower the master volume by 3 intervals. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. changed the script to this: hastebin.com/ewizedidov.cmake then this message appeared i.snag.gy/SznsOt.jpg, Well that's because Chrome wasn't playing anything, so it wasn't listed. Once you've set the device parameters correctly and confirmed that it works, you can compile the script into a .exe using the AHK-to-EXE converter that comes with the AHK installation and link it in your startup folder to automatically start it at login. Heres a fun alternative to volume adjustment that lets you do it using your mouse wheel and the Alt key. Components are discovered through the DeviceTopology API, which exposes a graph of Connectors and Subunits. Does the answer worked for you? Even if you press the key, nothing happens as long as the script is running. However, if you are frequently using a special character, like copyright or trademark, you can make AutoHotKey insert it when you press a shortcut. To create a new AutoHotkey script, right-click anywhere on your desktop (or wherever else is convenient) and choose New > AutoHotkey Script. You can use Autohotkey Window Spy utility to find the values. Do check it out. For ControlTypes with only two possible settings -- namely ONOFF, MUTE, MONO, LOUDNESS, STEREOENH, and BASSBOOST -- any positive number will turn on the setting and a zero will turn it off. In previous versions of Windows, the backspace key has done the job, but now the backspace key moves you back in history. My Macro keys are f2-f5 and only work if I click the FN button, will that be a problem? That page lists all the simple things you can do in an easy to understand manner. When this issue occurs, moving the mouse scroll wheel does not scroll the pages; instead, it changes the system volume. Use the following script to discover your soundcard's capabilities (component types and control types). Go to AutoHotkey r/AutoHotkey Posted by fschmitt Volume control I have set a key to control my volume (I use a dedicated 2nd keyboard with intercept.exe to wrap keystrokes in F24 and catch them with autohotkey, old Taran Van Hemert style) usind a simple "SoundSet, +2" command. Code: Select all - Expand View - Download - Toggle Line numbers If (!A_IsAdmin) { MsgBox Run the Script as Administrator! audio-volume-control.ahk This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true});Over the years, Ive collected a lot of AutoHotKey scripts that make things easier. In cases like that, use the below script. I didn't need need to download your attachment, but fully copied/pasted your last script (fully) & it worked! I use the following AutoHotkey script to control the volume of my system. The main analog outputs of this device (uses multiple jacks in the case of surround sound). Volume control hotkeys are an essential no brainer control for any voice program. I use Volume2 (free) - this extremely well designed utility has quite a number of options, including different designs for the volume OSD. You can comment out all the sample commands by putting a ";" at the beginning of each line. Simply put, AutoHotKey is a very handy software that makes your life a little bit easier. How a top-ranked engineering school reimagined CS curriculum (Ep. How is white allowed to castle 0-0-0 in this position? ), and Win(#) keys. Otherwise, the setting will be set explicitly to the level indicated by NewSetting. In those situations, use the below AutoHotKey script to change volume in Windows.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'windowsloop_com-leader-1','ezslot_12',149,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-windowsloop_com-leader-1-0'); Along with applications, you can also use the AutoHotKey bindings to launch your favorite websites. set Caps Lock to be turned off, Num Lock to be turned on and Scroll Lock to be turned off. On whose turn does the fright from a terror dive end? give volume control keyboard shortcuts. Data "flows" from or to the Connector and is altered as it flows through each Subunit, such as to adjust volume or suppress (mute) all sound. Then right-click on your new file and choose Edit Script, or open the file in your text editor of choice, to start working on it. It allows you to quickly switch between Windows with little to no effort. Hi, how can I make a script for media actions to run on dedicated macro keys? Just for those who only need volume control like in a laptop. You should check the return value of the GetAppVolume(ProcessId) function. As I will presume & proceed per your instructions. It will disable the CapsLock key. In this example, the master controls are at the top, followed by the first four components: Microphone, FrontMic, Line In, and Side. AutoHotkey is a free and open-source program which uses its own scripting language to automate any of your daily Windows tasks. If the sound device lacks the specified ComponentType, ErrorLevel will indicate the problem. (Something like registry editor) As you know, some keyboards with volume control buttons do it without any 3rd party application. The soundcard analysis script may help determine which name and/or number to use. Content Manager at Make Tech Easier. Use the below script to automatically turn off the screen when you lock Windows. If the sound device lacks the specified Component, a TargetError is thrown. Clone with Git or checkout with SVN using the repositorys web address. Use the following script to discover the available audio device and component names and whether each device or component supports volume and/or mute controls. the script did the job for apps like spotify but not for Chrome or Discord.. After some research I found out that "Process Exist, Chrome.exe" returns the PID of the app itsef (in blue) instead of the PID of the background process that handles chrome's sound . Hitting the Alt and the left-arrow key will lower the volume by a step, while the Alt-right arrow will raise it by a step. You seem to have the symbols, ^+ for both the left & right sound set. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. A single device driver or physical device often has multiple endpoints, such as for different types of output or input. Just like with applications and websites, you can also open your favorite folders with the shortcut of your choice. The default keyboard shortcuts in Windows are all well and good, but maybe theyre not quite comfortable for you. Devices are listed in the Sound control panel, which can be opened by running mmsys.cpl from the command line, or via the Run dialog (Win+R) or the Run function. That is all for now. If 0, the function acts as a toggle mute/unmute for the application. It should be fairly easy to modify either of the scripts yourself to have it control your preferred music application (or any application for that matter) or to use different key combos if, for example, you don't have any media control keys on your keyboard. I use the AutoHotkey script below which allows me to change the volume using my mouse scroll wheel when hovering over the taskbar in Windows 10. Can I use [Shift & ^+] for the Left and [Shift & ^-] for the right? Hi. Similarly we unmute.Connect with me: Subscribe - http://www.youtube.com/user/klogeanders?sub_confirmation=1 LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/andersjensens/ Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/andersjensenorg Email Newsletter - https://andersjensen.org/email-newsletter/#autohotkey #ahk #scripting Run AutoHotkey from your Start Menu to create a sample file called "AutoHotkey.ahk" in your "Documents" folder. How to remap special keys on Asus laptop? There exists an element in a group whose order is at most the number of conjugacy classes. On the other hand, you can also create multiple script files and run them at the same time. In my case, I use the below script to launch my most-used folders like Downloads. For instance, I use the function keys to launch my most-used programs, like Snagit, Sublime Text, Photoshop, Calculator, Thunderbird, etc. Did the Golden Gate Bridge 'flatten' under the weight of 300,000 people in 1987? The AutoHotkey script for this is a little bit longer: The above script uses Ctrl + F2 to toggle the hidden file view, but you can change that to whatever you want by swapping out that ^F2 right at the start of the script. All you have to do is assign a keyboard shortcut and point it towards the application you want to launch. You should now be able to control the volume using the "Ctrl & Shift & +" or "Ctrl & Shift & -" key combination to increase or decrease the volume, respectively. So, why not repurpose them to do something useful. I will try to update the article as I find more useful AutoHotKey scripts for most users. Autohotkey give a change only in specific language, How to close a program gracefully using Autohotkey. Just like launching your favorite programs, you can create your own custom shortcuts to launch your favorite websites. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Installing and running the script: Download and install "AutoHotKey" Download both "Nircmd.exe" and "SoundVolumeView.exe" Place the .exe files in C:\Windows\System32\ For example, the Task Manager is one of the most important windows on the operating system, but who wants to press Ctrl + Shift + Esc each and every time you do it? An alternative way to adjust the volume is to have the script send volume-control keystrokes to change the master volume for the entire system, such as in the example below: To discover the capabilities of the sound devices (mixers) installed on the system -- such as the available component types and control types -- run the soundcard analysis script. Why is it shorter than a normal address? The latter is a class that you could also use directly in your code. If needed, you can edit the downloaded script to add your own autocorrect items. What does the power set mean in the construction of Von Neumann universe? Just press Ctrl + A to select everything in the script, then copy it to a Notepad file that you should then save as AutoCorrect.ahk.. You can recover the master volume using the GetMasterVolume method of the ISimpleAudioVolume interface. If only an index is specified, the display names are ignored. Special characters can be easily inserted with the alt codes or using the Character Map utility in Windows. +Right::SoundSet, +5. https://github.com/thebitstick/AutoHotKey Let me know if I should make any improvements! AutoHotKey - https://www.autohotkey.com/Toa. In the spirit of Chromebooks, you can turn the Caps Lock key into a Google Search key. got the first 3 from a website tutorial and wanted to add the volume keys along with it using 2 key shortcut, ; "CTRL + LEFT" for previous When I go away from the computer, I quickly put the system into Sleep mode using the below command. For further details, see Component (Sound Functions). More often than not, the function keys on top of your keyboard are almost useless. The "devices" referenced by the SoundGet and SoundSet functions are audio endpoint devices. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. I use it daily for various things like keyboard shortcuts, key blocking, auto-correct, automation, etc. This will disable the Volume Pop-Up Display of Windows. Negative/no go Joe. For example, If omitted or blank, the function targets the master volume/mute controls or an interface that can be returned by. Percentage number between -100 and 100 inclusive (it can be a floating point number or expression). Increases microphone recording volume by 20%. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. 3 comments 7 Posted by u/Naai-gel 6 days ago Other than F2 and F5, the keys have nothing to do. Volume_Down::SoundSet, -2 ; Volume down key : Reduce sound volume by 2 Volume_Up::SoundSet, +2 ; Volume up key : Increase sound volume by 2 After installing AutoHotKey, put the above text in a .ahk file and double-click it to test. ErrorLevel is set to 0 if the command succeeded. Instantly share code, notes, and snippets. A Connector is counted if (and only if) it has at least one Subunit of its own, even if the Subunit is not of the requested type. Step 1: Download and install AutoHotkey. I checked it and its spotify.exe but it doesnt changed anything. How about saving the world? An alternative way to adjust the volume is to have the script send volume-control keystrokes to change the master volume for the entire system, such as in the example below: Send {Volume_Up} ; Raise the master volume by 1 interval (typically 5%). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. SoundSetVolume attempts to preserve the existing balance when changing the volume level. Audio drivers are capable of exposing other controls, such as bass and treble. AutoHotKey Nircmd.exe SoundVolumeView.exe Installation Before you start, you have to make sure your system's audio devices are named correctly. However, this only works on the monitor that is selected as the "main display". Windows 2000/XP/2003: When SoundSet changes the volume of a component, all of that component's channels (e.g. Each component shown above has a Connector, and it is the Connector that defines the component's name. Return . AutoHotkey is a free and open-source program which uses its own scripting language to automate any of your daily Windows tasks. You can use the below script to quickly empty the trash bin. While typing, it is quite natural to make spelling mistakes. I had some annoying latency using nircmd. Try this simple script for AutoHotKey. A number between 1 and the total number of supported devices. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? left and right) are set to the same level. You can customize the script to change the shortcut and the folder path according to your needs. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Also, this problem is not limited to a specific mouse brand. Do with AutoHotKey Sometimes you just don't want to add another single-use app to your system, or maybe you are already using AutoHotKey for other tasks and just want to expand your AHK script library to include one for you. In those cases, you can temporarily disable AutoHotkey using the below script. You're not bugging me at all. If empty (e.g., ""), the application of the active window is used. chrome.exe, vlc.exe. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters. Install AutoHotkey using the link called "Installer for AutoHotkey_L" at http://www.autohotkey.com/download/ . The current volume and mute settings are shown if they can be retrieved, but are not updated in realtime. Autohotkey - How to adjust volume only of a specific program? No matter where you in the system, if you can select the text, you can search for it in Google. Before starting, its assumed you already know how to install and configure AutoHotkey. Captures whatever audio is being output to the Speakers endpoint. Thanks for responding to my post! Adding EV Charger (100A) in secondary panel (100A) fed off main (200A), "Signpost" puzzle from Tatham's collection, Using an Ohm Meter to test for bonding of a subpanel, There exists an element in a group whose order is at most the number of conjugacy classes, Checks and balances in a 3 branch market economy. To reconfigure the Caps Lock key, use the below script. AutoHotkey is one of the best Windows automation programs that can perform the simplest of actions to the hardest of tasks. To use any of the above .ahk (AutoHotKey) scrips: - download and install [http://AutoHotKey AutoHotKey] - download the script (s) from the previous steps - right click the .ahk script and click "compile". Captures audio through a microphone jack. However, if the number begins with a plus or minus sign, the setting will be toggled (set to the opposite of its current state). Sure, for that we must create another function to recover the current volume and add/subtract a certain amount. This is because there is no exe file. The display name of a device; either the full name or a leading part (case-insensitive). Generic Doubly-Linked-Lists C implementation. This creates an executable file that can be used on any machine with the operating system requirements even if it doesn't have AHK Ask Question Name it something that makes sense. Can I use my Coinbase address to receive bitcoin? To create an AutoHotKey script file, create a regular text file and then replace the .txt extension with .ahk. Its just a waste of power. However, if you are a left-hand mouse user, Windows has no option to use the same functionality with the right hand. The component's display name and/or index. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. If not, download and install it from the official website. Enjoys Android, Windows, and tinkering with retro console emulation to breaking point. I do not use Spotify, so I do not know the exact name of the process. For example, you can make the CapsLock key act like Shift. var cid='8803439824';var pid='ca-pub-8949749535570321';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-windowsloop_com-box-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2002%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} volume.ahk This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. Win+. The full display name of a component (case-insensitive). The component labeled Auxiliary in some mixers might be accessible as ANALOG rather than AUX. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Just like the one above, you can create you own shortcuts using a combination of Ctrl(^), Shift(+), Alt(! Create a shortcut in the "Startup" folder of your Start Menu pointing to your "AutoHotkey.ahk" file in your "Documents" folder, and run it. How can I enable multimedia keys of an Apple keyboard under Windows? Even though it doesnt have any multimedia keys, I love my keyboard, but the lack of volume control buttons is a bit uncomfortable for me. Hope it helps. The commands pactl -- set-sink-volume 0 -5% and pactl -- set-sink-volume 0 +5% assume you are using the PulseAudio sound driver. I'm not at home. How a top-ranked engineering school reimagined CS curriculum (Ep. To create a shortcut to open volume control panel, right-click on the desktop > New > shortcut. In addition to that, it can also be quite frustrating if windows or some other application is messing with the Num Lock toggle. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. You can generally find the URI on the developer website. Using AutoHotkey, you can repurpose those unused functions to do a variety of things, like launching web pages, launching programs, etc. AutoHotkey ANSI x86. This is what's in volume.ahk. However, not all keyboards have the volume control keys. Soundcard Analysis. There are a ton of AutoHotKey scripts that can do a ton of things in a variety of ways. For example: Device names typically consist of an endpoint name such as "Speakers" followed by the name of the audio driver in parentheses. AutoHotkey can launch almost any application you want with a single keyboard shortcut. Ctrl+Win+Up = volume up active app Step 3: Run volume.ahk by double clicking on it. For example, 1, "Speakers", "Speakers:2" or "Speakers (Example HD Audio)". What does the power set mean in the construction of Von Neumann universe? How do I stop the Flickering on Mode 13h? Add the following text to the end of the file: These commands assign: Rightclick any AHK icon in the taskbar tray notification area and select "Window Spy". It happens all the time where you might be accessing your personal information like the bank account and your colleague is taking a peek over your shoulders. Of course, if you dont want to use a shortcut, then simply right-click on the AutoHotkey icon in the taskbar and select the option Suspend Hotkeys.. volume control - Scripts and Functions - AutoHotkey Community volume control Started by anon , Jun 27 2009 06:14 PM 2 replies to this topic anon Guests Last active: Joined: -- hi i done it in a few minutes, so dont be 2 excited, its quite easy: ago Let me share my favorite and most-used AutoHotkey scripts, which make daily tasks a little bit easier, and that may help you too. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. If you want to use other keys, briefly read "Basic Usage and Syntax" in the help file -- particularly the subsection "Key List". Component doesn't support this control type. Win+, Volume Down It is shown, how to turn the volume up, down, mute and unmute the computer with a simple ahk script.You could also watch: The Beginner's Guide to AutoHotkey - https://youtu.be/AvzhaoDxd8Q Install and Run your First AHK Script - https://youtu.be/k7e9MrP-U_g0:00 IntroPresent the AutoHotkey case, where we want to adjust the computer output volume. Its not every time but there will be situations where you need to have a window always on top. I'm not asking about how to work with a particular application. How about saving the world? In those situations, you can use this handy script to quickly minimize the active window with a single keypress.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[120,600],'windowsloop_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_10',151,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-windowsloop_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[120,600],'windowsloop_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_11',151,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-windowsloop_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1');.large-mobile-banner-1-multi-151{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:600px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. You can place multiple AutoHotKey scripts in a single file as long as there is no conflict between key combinations. Instead, I maneuver the cursor by mouse keys (the numeric key pad.) Hey Joe, from a video I once watch regarding having AutoHot Keys be activated (I'm probably using the wrong term) upon start-up I followed these steps: Steps (1) and (2) are fine, but in step (3), you don't want to copy the actual AutoHotkey file. I copied & pasted your script above & saw no a horizontal green bar with the volume number (from 0 to 100, in increments of 1). Changes a volume setting of a sound device. If you don't have it installed already, http://www.autohotkey.com/ Once installed, right click your Desktop, and choose new AutoHotKey file SoundGet, SoundGetWaveVolume, SoundSetWaveVolume, SoundPlay. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. (i am new to ahk) I have found this topic on ahk forums. What's the easiest way to program custom keyboard shortcuts to trigger these missing keys virtually? How to assign a keyboard shortcut to an application on Mac OS X? Use the following script to launch your favorite web page. Changes various settings of a sound device (master mute, master volume, etc.). Dont forget to replace the program path with your favorite program. Here is the script: +Left::SoundSet, -5. 1. That gets called when the GUI has been around for the amount of time you set. If omitted or blank, it defaults to the system's default device for playback (which is not necessarily device 1). Autohotkey - volume control Raw. Volume and mute controls are supported directly through SoundGetVolume, SoundSetVolume, SoundGetMute and SoundSetMute. By default, the control panel only lists devices that are enabled and plugged in (if applicable), but this can be changed via the right-click menu. Heres the link to download the script. If yes, please accept answer. What were the poems other than those by Donne in the Melford Hall manuscript? If you prefer Ctrl + PgUp, use ^PgUp::Send. That's why this group existswe help each other. If the number begins with a plus or minus sign, the current setting will be adjusted up or down by the indicated amount. Thank you very much i will test it tomorrow. I've now sort of got it working thanks to your guys help, Suggestions on Documentation Improvements, Looking for Volunteers in other languages. [duplicate]. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. If you want you can also reconfigure the useless tilde (~) key on your keyboard to do the same action. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'windowsloop_com-banner-1','ezslot_5',132,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-windowsloop_com-banner-1-0');If you dont like accidentally pressing the CapsLock key frequently, you can use the below script. This simple script is so helpful. So, to deal with that below is a list of best AutoHotKey scripts that I use quite often. To access an instance other than the first, append a colon and a number to this parameter. An alternative way to adjust the volume is to have the script send volume-control keystrokes to change the master volume for the entire system, such as in the example below: Send "{Volume_Up}" ; Raise the master volume by 1 interval (typically 5%). Right-click on the Startup folder and click Open. All other controls are supported only indirectly, through SoundGetInterface and ComCall. For more functionality and finer grained control over audio, consider using the VA library. Open "AutoHotkey.ahk" from your "Documents" folder in a text editor. In those cases, use the below script to make sure that the NumPad lock is always turned on. How do I stop an active AutoHotkey script? 1. Here are some of those best and useful AutoHotKey scripts. To avoid that, I have a simple one-line AutoHotKey code to disable the CapsLock key. Besides that, I also use AutoHotKey scripts in DOS & PS Emulators, to open applications, create custom keyboard shortcuts, macros, etc. If a device has more than one instance of ComponentType (two of type LINE, for example), usually the first contains the playback settings and the second contains the recording settings. Note: To minimize all open windows, you can press the built-in Windows keyboard shortcut Win + D. When you lock Windows, the screen stays turned on. Or use the awesome nircmd utility: ^#Up::run nircmd changeappvolume focused +0.1 ^#Down::run nircmd changeappvolume focused -0.1 ^#Numpad0::run nircmd muteappvolume focused 2 Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. One of the best things about AutoHotKey is its community and the scripts they share. Thanks king, however NumpadSub isn't working as my keyboard is registering NumpadSubtract (https://keycode.info/) and AHK doesn't recognize that? And copy and paste this code in the location option on the tab that appeared and click on next. Thanks for the script but it doesnt work. Open "AutoHotkey.ahk" from your "Documents" folder in a text editor. incr: An increment as a ratio of the master volume (e.g., 0.04 or -0.20). In practice, the end result is that the available components are as listed on the Levels tab, and in the same order. Users browsing this forum: allmightycola, Bing [Bot] and 22 guests, Ask gaming related questions (AHK v1.1 and older). Thanks a lot! The script will run each time you log in. You can then open that .ahk file with any text editor and copy and paste the below AutoHotKey scripts in it. AutoHotkey detects devices which are not plugged in, but does not detect disabled devices. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. In the below script, replace the dummy path with the actual program path. Can I general this code to draw a regular polyhedron? Download the AutoHotKey autocorrect script from the official website and run it. In other words, any off-center "balance" that may have been set previously is lost. You might want to change the volume adjustment intervals (1 by 1 or . This video tutorial shows, how to adjust the volume of your computer output with AutoHotkey. Duusu Kwami Owner, Articles A