College students in the 1960s used demonstrations to voice their opposition to the Vietnam War. In addition, they did not get high quality public services. The study population contained three Jordanian universities representing the various segments of the Jordanian society: Al-Al Bayt University (Northern Region), Jordanian University (Central Region) and Mu'tah University (Southern Region). Third: The more the family income varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the high-income students, as there were differences in the voting ratio in the elections according to the level of family income. Content Filtrations 6. But, in the South there is a high majority of blue collared workers? Voting is the most prominent form of political participation. What are some of the ways you have participated in politics? Over 25 percent of the public gave money to a cause and 17 percent contributed to a presidential candidate in 2008 (Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2008). Atkeson (2003) indicated that the greater the involvement of women in the public sector, the more barriers of their political participation are broken. Brady, H.E., Verba, S. and Schlozman, K.L. This, in turn, affected their voting in the elections. Fifty-four people were killed and two thousand were wounded. 53 No. High socio-economic status is conducive for an increase in the overall amount of political participation. In addition, there was an age gap in voting in national and local elections, as young students voting was low. Therefore, the diversity of regional affiliation affected political participation. 4, pp. 3 No. 2. In addition, they pointed out that there were some political factors affected voting in elections, such as the constitutional right to vote, performance of the elected councils and candidates, political trust, party activities, etc. In this political system, participation by the individual in political activity is considered a virtue, a sign of political health and the best method of ensuring ones private interests. 16, pp. In addition to strengthening the participation of young people, especially university students participating in voting and community participation (Jordanian constitution, articles 6, 16, 17, 18, and the election law No. In 1993, Congress passed the National Voter Registration Act, also known as the motor voter law, allowing citizens to register at motor vehicle and social service offices. Psychological analysis Examining what causes an individual to run for office, decide to Milbrath, L. W. and M. L. Goel, Political Participation, 2nd ed. Cohen, C.J. Moreover, they concluded that high income and wealth encourage individuals to political participation and engaging in government. This is a problem problematic because one-third of the Jordanian people are young people (Jordanian Annual Statistical Report, 2018, p.7). In addition, Trust in the ability of candidates to provide services to people with (31.5 per cent) for the (Palestinians). It was made clear to the participants that their participation was voluntary, that their decision to take part in the study would not affect their routine care and that they were free to withdraw from the study at any point during the process. Lawless, J.L. Today, students demonstrate to draw attention to causes. Some people may refuse to say the pledge of allegiance to express their dissatisfaction with government. It concluded that democracy depends on political participation (Leigh, 2018, p. 7). 84-94. After Arab Spring revolutions had broken out in the late 2010s, peaceful demonstrations and protests began in Jordan. 4, pp. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980). Extensive e-mail listservs keep protestors and sympathizers in contact between demonstrations. Leaders frequently are spammed with mass e-mails that are not from their constituents. In Sweden, women's political participation increased as a result of women's engagement in the public sphere and demonstrations at the rate of 5.5 per cent contrary to the United Kingdom, where women's participation rate in demonstrations was (1.9 per cent) (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 572). 54 No. Solt, F. (2008), Economic inequality and democratic political engagement, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 6-18. In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that the number of students with family income (500 dinars) was of a total number of (484) including (233) participated in the voting with (48.1 per cent) in the same category. So, the voting was in favor of male students. To ensure representation of women in Parliament, a quota of 15 seats was allocated for women in the 2016 Parliament, To promote the empowerment of Jordanian women by granting them more social, economic and political rights, and supporting their political participation (Atiyat, 2017, p. 109). Thus, the ratio of voting in the elections differed according to the difference between poor and rich people, where the ratio of voters who have wealth and enjoy social welfare is high. Based on the above, the present study examines the impact of (gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation) on the voting of the university student in elections, because of the reluctance of Jordanian university students to vote in elections. Over two hundred websites were established to rally support for protests in Seattle, Washington; Washington, DC; Quebec City, Canada; and other locations. Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Dolan (2011), Fox (2011) discussed how to overcome the gender gap in voting. Considered one of the most impactful expressions of patriotism, voting is the primary means of participating in politics. Moreover, after the Arab revolutions in late 2010 and early 2011, and Jordanian peaceful demonstrations and protests, the political leadership allowed more constitutional and legal amendments, which strengthened the political participation of all segments of people including Jordanian young people, particularly women (Mohammad, 2017, p. 2). In addition to voting, people engage in a range of activities during campaigns. What factors influence voter turnout in elections? Tillian, O. 1051-1072. In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that male students were the most Jordanian university students voting in the elections with (66.2 per cent). The major criterion remains voting in elections which is consistently somewhat higher than the other measures. While one of the studies atrributed it to the negative perception of women regarding their role in leadership positions, their low self-confidence and lack of their equal rights with men (Dababneh, 2012, p. 215). The more the family income varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. In brief, political participation refers to all those activities which influence the decision-making process. In addition, Ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils with (44.7 per cent) for the age group (18 less than 23). Modernization not only tends to increase class-based participation but also decrease communal-based participation. Homana (2018), Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Solt (2008), Atkeson (2003), Lawless and Fox (2001), Koch (1997), Brady et al. The reason of the low voting ratio of 18 less than 23 category in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the elected councils ineffective within society. A large majority of people who have registered to vote participate in presidential elections. Posted 6 months ago. The more educated are better able to transmit their political interest and knowledge to their children and to the people of their neighbourhood. Ballots can be invalidated if they are not properly marked by voters or are not read by antiquated voting machines. 213-221. Rakka twin peaks and voter registration CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. The reasons of the low voting ratio of female students in Jordan was due to the fact that they didn't see a tangible role for elected councils within society in addition, tribal, social economic constraints as they didn't feel equal to males in education and employment. Beginning in the 1980s, some states, including Maine, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, made it possible for people to register on Election Day. The study examines the impact of gender, age, family income and regional affiliation that represent important social and economic factors affecting political participation on the voting of Jordanian university students. In addition, it does not discriminate between Jordanians and Jordanians of Palestinian origin (Palestinian refugees who were granted the Jordanian nationality in 1947 or 1967), where the law gave them the right to vote without discrimination (Article 3). It acts as a powerful reference group in its own right. It affects both the quality and amount of participation. Mohammad Soud Alelaimat can be contacted at: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-05-2019-0072, http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. But this political apathy influences political participation it is not much clear and certain. People can blog or participate in discussion groups related to an election. This role is partly expressive and partly instrumental. The survey was conducted in the academic year 2018-2019 and the questionnaire was used to collect the data after being reviewed by two jurors Peer Reviewers from Cairo University and Al-Al Bayt. Which of the following best explains how the organization can operate to influence. The present study focuses on four factors: gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation. Atiyat, F. (2017), Jordanian women participation in the parliamentary elections of 2016: field study in Albalqa governorate, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. Although its participants thought of them as political protests, the news media presentation rarely gave that point of view. Socioeconomic characteristics of a population, including age, race, gender, religion, marital status, occupation, education level, and more. Lipsky, M., Protest as a Political Resource, American Political Science Review, December 1968, 1145. Despite the scope of leadership, Pentecostal church leaders show less propensity of political participation for unknown reasons, especially in African countries. The law allowed all males and females as of 18years old to vote in elections (Article 3). Fitzgerald (2013), Taft (2014) pointed out that women in American society are less engaged in politics than men. There are many ways to advocate for a cause. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. The study population contained three Jordanian universities. One learns here to join in an organization, fulfill duties, participate in meetings, discuss social issues and organize to achieve group goals. This was consistent with the studies of Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Homana (2018), which confirmed the low participating of young people in voting. More appropriately, determinants of political participation are those factors and forces that can affect or influence peoples participation in politics. To solve this problem, females have to overcome their psychological beliefs that their equality with men is impossible. The original and the edited tape tell two different stories of the same event. Moreover, The Constitution guarantees appointment in government institutions with integrity (Article 23). 89 No. Psychological or cognitive traits 2. Political participation includes voting and any other activity that shapes, affects or involves the political field. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. 299-310. For many people, voting is the primary means of taking part in politics. Berikut faktor-faktornya: 1. So, the Palestinians had the right to vote in Jordanian national and local elections. Al-Mohammad, S.M. Prohibited Content 3. Levels of political interest and apathy have often been taken as criteria of participation and non-participation, including party membership, expressed interest in politics and awareness of issues. What political causes do you care the most about? In addition, political participation required some resources, such as money to support the candidates (Lawless and Fox, 2001, p. 362). These events are designed to raise money and awareness of societal problems, such as poverty and health care. The United States Election Project provides information about voter turnout in presidential campaigns. Dolan, K. (2011), Do women and men know different things? Those who give money are more likely to gain access to candidates when they are in office. Letters and phone calls almost always receive some kind of a response from members of Congress. People can also participate outside the electoral processvoting and election campaign. and Fox, R.L. The scope and the outcome of voting is very broad affecting all the members of a society. Pyeatt, N. and Yanus, B. Political participation of females in most societies is less than that of males, not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. Second: The more the age varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of older students. People can work in an election campaign, contact public officials, circulate a petition, join a political organization, and donate money to a candidate or a cause. They concluded that the social and economic factors such as (gender, age, education, place of residence, family, tribal affiliation, unemployment, income, poverty, An individuals sense of loyalty to a specific political party. It sets limits on poll expenses. In spite of the dissemination of civil society institutions after 1989, awareness of civil culture and political participation was still poor (Tillian, 2011, pp.1-2). (2018), The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, Vol. The more the gender varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. (1995), Cohen and Dawson (1993) discussed the factors affecting political participation. In most cases, individuals must download the form, sign it, and mail it in. Some barriers to voting are informal. Afterward, law No. Although the percentage of people running for and holding public office appears small, there are many opportunities to serve in government. The social environment definitely has an impact on political participation. Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? One is an individuals substantive political identification on a left-right spectrum and the other is on an individuals engagement with the process of politics that is revealed by their acquisition of information on candidates in an election and their willingness to vote in an election. Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates, Answers to the most commonly asked questions here, The impact of social websites over Jordanian students intentions of active political participation: an application of theory of planned behavior, International Review of Management and Marketing, Jordanian women participation in the parliamentary elections of 2016: field study in Albalqa governorate, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement, Gender, political participation and electoral systems: a cross-national analysis, Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students, Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, A British Gender Gap? However, most participants are not activists for these causes. Measuring gender differences in political knowledge, The Journal of Politics, Vol. It deepens the political awareness and increases the sense of political effectiveness. Social psychologists have emphasized on psychological traits which stem from 2. Want to create or adapt books like this? Closing voting rosters weeks or months in advance of elections effectively disenfranchised voters. What are the factors affecting political socialization? We saw the three cleavages affecting voter turnout, which were a mix of internal and external factors. Forty-nine percent of the voting-age public cast a ballot in the 1924 presidential contest, the same percentage as in 1996. Education, gender, occupation, family, etc. There are varieties of ways in which people can participate in the political processes of a society. The Watts riots in 1965 were the first of a number of civil disturbances in American cities. Webeducation, to political participation and to livelihoods, among other rights being bluntly violated. Thus, there was a gender gap between Jordanian university male and female universities students' voting in national and local elections. About half the population takes part in national and community political affairs by joining an interest group, issue-based organization, civic organization, or political party. Racial tensions sparked by a video of police beating Rodney King in 1991 and the subsequent acquittal of the officers at trial resulted in the worst riots ever experienced in Los Angeles. The party inspires in its members a feeling of belongingness. 35 No. After reading this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: Americans have many options for taking part in politics, including voting, contacting public officials, campaigning, running for and holding office, protesting, and volunteering. The voting rate in the category (23 less than 30) was high. This interest might take various forms such as support, rejection, protest or demonstration, etc. In addition, the voting of the students' category (Palestinians) was low. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. Organizing a demonstration, protesting, and even rioting are other forms of participation (Milbrath & Goel, 1977). Social and economic analysis How a citizens living situation, weather, finances, or family issues affect their political behavior. People can vote for representatives, who make policies that will determine how much they have to pay in taxes and who will benefit from social programs. 1 / 19. Roth, S. and Saunders, C. (2019), Gender differences in political participation: comparing street demonstrators in Sweden and the United Kingdom, Journal of Sociology, Vol. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the political participation of Jordanian university students, especially their voting in national and local elections. This, in turn, made women lose interest in political issues, events, and party activities. They can post their views on blogs and energize their supporters using Facebook groups that provide information about how to get involved. Almost 70 percent of high school students and young adults aged eighteen to thirty report that they have been involved in community activities (Peter D. Hart Research Associates, 1998). Piven, F. F. and Richard A. Cloward, Why Americans Still Dont Vote (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000). As a part of its instrumental functions, the party contacts and registers voters, selects party nominees, organizes campaign activities, mobilizes rallies to influence the electorate during elections to vote and at o her occasions to favour their programmes. The second is related the voting in elections, Reason for voting and reason for not voting as the study relied on the literature review to prepare the questionnaire. Globalization has influenced American politics by increasing the extent to which the United States influences, and is influenced by, the values of other countries. Participation in the 2008 presidential election was greater than usual, as people were motivated by the open race and the candidate choices. This was consistent with the studies of Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Palmer and Simon (2008) that emphasized that the difference in regions, districts and regional affiliation affected voting in elections. In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that the number of students (Jordanians) was a total of (450) including (314) participated in the voting with (69.8 per cent) in the same category. It says that blue collared workers are more likely to be affiliated with the Democratic party, and it says that the Southern region is more Republican. Direct link to 07amclain's post It says that blue collare, Posted 3 years ago. 617-634. A 2012 study from Harvard, Brown and the University of Missouri-Kansas City, The Impact of Race and Ethnicity, Immigration and Political Context on Participation in (2001), Political participation of the urban poor, Journal of Social Problems, Vol. 41-54. In addition, some women's organizations (Arab Women's Union) demanded more equality, freedom, and education for Jordanian women (Atiyat, 2017, p. 109). The process by which a person develops political values and beliefs, including through interactions with family, friends, school, religious and civic groups, and the media. Jordanian Elections Law No. In addition, they felt marginalized inside the Jordanian society. Huntington and Nelson (1976) have argued that voluntary (autonomous) and manipulated (mobilized) participation are not clearly distinguished categories. WebUnit 5 - Political Participation (AP GOV) 2.3 (3 reviews) Term. The main reason for voting in the elections according to regional affiliation was practicing the constitutional right. with (43.7 per cent) for the (Jordanians). Only a small number of people, generally under one-quarter of those eligible, participate in local, county, and state elections. (2023), "Factors affecting political participation (Jordanian universities students' voting: field study 2017-2018)", Review of Economics and Political Science, Vol. Childs, S. (2004), A British Gender Gap? Congressional Management Foundation, Communicating with Congress: How the Internet Has Changed Citizen Engagement (Washington, DC: Congressional Management Foundation, 2008). A unique and special political act, voting allows for the views of more people to be represented than any other activity. These amendments aimed at increasing the ratio of women's representation and voting, by granting equal rights for women to vote and run in elections, such as a quota in Parliament. (2012), Jordanian womens political participation: legislative status and structural challenges, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. In this respect, educational institutions serve as the basic ground in the development of articulateness and skills of political participation through schools/college/university unions. Copyright 10. A questionnaire reviewed by two jurors (peer reviewers) was used to collect the data. Some are directly associated with the electoral sub-system and some are with other political activities. Expressing opinions about leaders, issues, and policies has become one of the most prominent forms of political participation. Chapter 1: Communication in the Information Age, Chapter 2: The Constitution and the Structure of Government Power, Chapter 6: Political Culture and Socialization, Chapter 8: Participation, Voting, and Social Movements, Chapter 16: Policymaking and Domestic Policies, Chapter 17: Foreign and National Security Policies, American Government and Politics in the Information Age, http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1344797n, http://www.civicyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/2010-Exit-Poll-FS-Nov-17-Update.pdf, http://elections.gmu.edu/voter_turnout.htm, http://people-press.org/questions/?qid=1720790&pid=51&ccid=51#top, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. A positive side effect of fundraising campaigns is that people are made aware of candidates and issues through appeals for money (Jacobson, 1997). The composition of the electorate has changed radically throughout American history. Cf. The CBS News report on the Rodney King incident included the following controversial video. Twitter, a social messaging platform that allows people to provide short updates in real time, has been used to convey eyewitness reports of protests worldwide.
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